I hadn't previously read any detailed accounts of children orphaned as a result of the Vietnam war and who came to the United States (e.g., Operation Babylift), but I felt this book--even though fiction--gave me an idea of how it might have affected various people involved. These people include the children themselves, some of whom were adopted and some of whom were not, their birth parents, their adoptive parents, and Americans and Vietnamese who worked in orphanages caring for the children.
The book includes eight interconnected "stories." Each is written in the third person but focuses on a different main character, though the characters involved in the different stories overlap. I found the book well-written. For some reason, the author omits quotation marks for dialogue--I've seen this before and I'm not sure why authors do it (e.g., in the Piano Tuner, which I recently read). To me, it makes the writing seem sort of stream of consciousness and obscures a bit whether the dialogue is actually being said, or whether the main character is imagining the dialogue. However, sometimes it can be a bit confusing to keep track of what is being said. In a number of chapters, the author effectively lets the reader imagine what has happened rather than describing it. For example, the chapter involving Bridget, an American orphanage worker in Vietnam who wants to adopt Huan, ends with the revelation that there is a problem with Bridget's paperwork and with Bridget desperately imagining that she will be able to adoption Huan and reconcile with her estranged husband. But the next chapter begins with an adult Huan traveling with his mother Gwen. (Also, a previous chapter mentioned Huan living in California, not where Bridget lived.) So the reader is left imagining Bridget's coming anguish.
Two of the stories seemed almost parallel to each other (to the point that I almost wondered if both characters were necessary in the book)--Vinh and Kim both grew up in foster care, both are angry, both are briefly befriended by parental figures in the community, but in both cases, these parental figures end up accepting the brunt of the Vinh and Kim's rage.
The book raises interesting issues about responsible motherhood. One mother in the novel are so desperate for their children to be adopted that they shove their infants through the bars of the orphanage gate, resulting in contusions and concussions for the infants. I am sure many mothers felt that surrendering their children to the orphanage was their children's only chance for survival. Another (Bridget) "abandons" her biological child in America for 3 years to take care of the hundreds of Vietnamese orphans who need her. A Vietnamese woman never becomes a mother, breaking her engagement to work in an orphanage becomes inured to babies' cries b/c the orphanage doesn't have enough formula to feed them. (Her former fiancee accuses that this is evidence she would have been a terrible mother.) A Vietnamese mother of 3 who works in an orphanage refuses to send 2 of her sons without her to America on the babylift, saying that her family needs her in Vietnam. A white adoptive mother adores her Vietnamese son (Huan), always forgiving him and trying hard to do the right thing, but she seems like a "colorblind" mom who is not aware of issues related to transracial adoption. Another couple are exemplary parents--except that they won't adopt their foster daughter (Mai) b/c they want to help as many children as possible. What is a parent's responsibility? To keep their biological children with them regardless of the situation? In what situations is it better to relinquish (even if temporarily) one's child?
The contrast between Huan and Mai's situations seems to be an example of the difference adoption *might* make for a young person. On p. 241, Phan writes: "Huan can never really complain about his parents. They always showed him love, even during his angry years when he threw their devotion into their faces, sneering that they treated him like a charity case, their trendy Vietnamese baby whose life they rescued. How could they really love him? They didn't even know him. They forgave him for all of this. They continued to love him, even when he couldn't believe it or accept it." In contrast, "[Mai] did everything to demonstrate that she'd make a nice daughter. She listened to them, never disobeyed house rules, and always respected curfew. The Reynoldses talked about how proud they were of Mai, what a fine person she was. That was where their admiration ended. They had so many years to make her a legitimate part of their family, but the possibility was never even discussed. (p. 158)" When Mai comes home upset a few hours late the evening of her 18th birthday, her foster father is initially warm and concerned but when Mai becomes even more upset, he turns his back on her. Mai feels guilty comparing her difficulties to those of her friend Kim, who bounced through multiple foster homes, but it's clear the situation is difficult for everyone--really for everyone involved in the story in any capacity.
It's worth noting that this book includes some graphic and grim descriptions, including the violence in the chapter about Vinh and the desperate conditions in the orphanages in Vietnam. It's one thing to read a psychology text about the attachment cycle in which an infant develops trust when an adult (usually a parent) reliably fulfills an infant's needs when he cries, and about how attachment disorder can develop when those needs aren't fulfilled. But it's another thing to read about how babies crying for milk initially continue crying after being fed watered-down milk but eventually stop after receiving nothing more to fill their tummies because people who sincerely want to help them have nothing else to give them. This book makes you think not only about the effect on the babies, but about the adults in this terrible position.