For all I know, there might be many works by women poets that compare in size with John Milton’s epic poem, Paradise Lost. As it is, I can only think of one such poem, and that is because I have just read it.
The poem is Aurora Leigh by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. While the poem compares in length to Paradise Lost, it is to Milton’s detriment when viewed on that scale. Aurora Leigh is in fact longer than Paradise Lost. It is longer than The Odyssey, for that matter. The poem is so long that it occupies almost two-thirds of this volume of EBB’s poetry.
Nonetheless, despite some classical imagery, I would not say that Aurora Leigh is an epic poem – just a very long one. It does not deal with war (The Iliad), a long journey around many sights (The Odyssey), the foundation of Rome (The Aeneid) or the fight between God and Satan (Paradise Lost).
Instead the subject matter of Aurora Leigh is more modest in scope. There are two main strands to Aurora Leigh. The first is that of a woman struggling to become a poet in a world dominated by men who do not think that women have the talent to write good poetry.
The second strand is that of Aurora’s relationship to her cousin Romney Brown. Romney Brown is a political idealist with a social conscience. Aurora may or may not love Romney, but she refuses a marriage because he is too bound up in his political causes, and he does not respect her as a writer.
Aurora watches while Romney prepares to marry the lower-class Marian Erie, more or less as a point of principle rather than for true love. There is another rival for Romney’s attention, the aristocratic Lady Waldemar. She does not wish to see Romney marry beneath him, but only because she wants Romney for herself.
I first came across Aurora Leigh at university more than 30 years ago, when it was praised by an academic establishment who saw all books in terms of Marxist and feminist criteria. Aurora Leigh deals with social issues, and with women’s issues, but is it really a poem that ticks the right boxes for the socialist or feminist? Let’s look at the evidence.
EBB certainly cared about social issues. Some of the other poems in this volume reflect her concerns. ‘The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point’ and ‘Hiram Powers’ Greek Slave’ both show EBB to be an abolitionist. I am not sure that ‘Cry of the Children’ really influenced legislation to protect against child labour, but it was certainly written at an opportune time when the government was about to act against children forced to work in mines.
Overall EBB is sympathetic enough to social and even socialistic concerns, but not overly supportive or understanding of them. She over-idealises Marian Erie. She makes Romney her hero, but only on condition that he is ultimately proven wrong.
At every turn Aurora’s criticisms of Romney’s social crusading proves justified. He wishes to marry beneath him, but the attempt ends in failure and almost tragedy. When the wedding falls through, the very working men whose cause he has espoused seem ready to threaten him.
When Romney turns his home into a refuge for the poor, a mob burns his home to the ground, mistaking it for a prison. Romney is then blinded by the father of the poor woman he wished to marry.
What does EBB think of all this? She clearly imagines that such crusading is a waste of time because the world is corrupt. Here her religious views get in the way of her beliefs, as they will do throughout this volume.
EBB was highly spiritual, and drenches her poetry in religious sentiment, something that would eventually cause divisions in her marriage to Robert Browning. She is essentially bigoted against other religious views and atheism (which hardly endears me to her) and cannot write plainly about any issue without bringing her god into it.
In the case of Aurora Leigh, it would appear that EBB thinks it is presumptuous of Romney and other reformers to try to vastly improve the world because God has left it so. Lady Waldemar’s reputation for ‘goodness’ must be false because nobody is good. Romney is doomed to fail because he is concentrating on the material good of poor people, and not their spiritual welfare.
Such an argument could hardly please a Marxist in truth. I am not a Marxist, but I would agree with the Marxist view that you have to deal with people’s material shortages before you can get them to consider any higher aims: “Food is the first thing; morals follow on,’ as Bertolt Brecht could have told her. Indeed religion here is an excuse for doing very little to help poor people.
Still EBB is not totally in the wrong in her critique of Romney Leigh. He is a man influenced by principles and ideals rather than someone who is following his heart and doing what he wishes. That level of fanaticism is unhealthy and does not lead to good decisions, or to genuine warmth and humanity.
Onto the feminist critique of Aurora Leigh. There are some interesting ideas here that will please the feminist. Aurora refuses marriage to a man who will not respect her writing as a woman. She struggles throughout the poem with her place as a female poet in a man’s world, not thought to have the depth or the talent to write poems that are equal to those of a man.
We must also note the presence of Marian Erle. She begins as a satellite to Romney, but after she refuses to marry him, her life goes in a different direction. She is raped and impregnated, left with the stigma of an illegitimate child. It is Aurora who comes in to help Marian, and together they form a family unit free of any man. When Marian has the chance to marry Romney again, she refuses the opportunity.
Here are some aspects that might not seem to match a feminist reading of Aurora Leigh. Firstly the poem revolves around the man, Romney Leigh, and the relationship of the three women to him. All we learn about Aurora Leigh is her poetry, and how she stands in relationship to Romney and the other women who vie for his attention. She does not have much of a life outside of this.
Aurora is also limited in her views towards Marian. Marian can only be forgiven because she was impregnated against her will. If Marian had become pregnant through her own actions then Aurora would have felt it was ok to condemn her.
It is true that Aurora resists Romney’s attentions until he has been humbled (he accepts the quality of her poetry, and admits the wrongness of his ideals) and emasculated (like Rochester in Jane Eyre, he has been blinded). Nonetheless it still seems to be the case that Aurora can only be completed when she has a man. She is dissatisfied with her poetry, and it is only at the end when she agrees to marry Romney that she believes she will be able to write great poetry.
So much for the social content. Is Aurora Leigh great poetry? EBB uses it as a manifesto to describe her style of poetry. She wishes to write about her own concerns. She does not wish to be limited by mere artifices of form, which may explain why Aurora Leigh is a teasing 9 books instead of something tidier like 10. She does not want to write poems about a classical past that seems out of date when she could write about contemporary issues (sorry, Tennyson).
This is admirable, but Aurora Leigh has its flaws. There is some turgid moralising. EBB often expresses herself in a roundabout manner that is drawn out and difficult to read. As a result large sections of Aurora Leigh seem to float off in vague abstractions.
This is all the worse when it involves dialogue by the main characters. It seems hard to imagine, Aurora, Romney, Lady Waldemar and even the working-class Marian all speaking in this high-flown manner.
Overall though Aurora Leigh is a remarkable piece of writing. Whatever the limits of EBB’s thinking, the poem was socially progressive for its day. Whatever the limits of its writing, Aurora Leigh is a fascinating poem that bears re-reading.
The other poems in this collection are somewhat mixed. I am not too enthusiastic about poems that praise individuals. EBB’s long poems espousing liberation in Italy contain too many classical allusions, thereby rendering them a little dull.
I liked EBB’S socially aware poems, but wished she would tone down the religiosity of them. She seems to be aware that slaves and children who work down mines are likely to be alienated from a belief in a god, but does not have much to say about the god that failed to protect them.
The best of the shorter poems here is her sonnet cycle, ‘Sonnets from the Portuguese’. Despite the title the poems are not translations. This is to throw people off the scent from realising just how personal the poems are. Perhaps there is some wish to cover up the fact that they come from the inspiration of a female poet. Even Robert Browning thought that women could not write sonnets.
There are one or two justly famous sonnets here, including perennial favourite ‘How do I love thee, let me count the ways’. The sonnets describe the courtship of the Brownings, and give us a good insight into EBB’s mind.
It would seem that EBB was a melancholic figure who only had death to look forward to until she met Robert. She did have many illnesses in her life, and was to die young, notably at a point when her marital relations were no longer as good as they had been.
Robert seems to have been her salvation for a while, the man who gave her something to live for. While EBB’s god is never far from any of her poetry, the message of the sonnet cycle is curious. EBB seemed to feel that with Robert in her world, her life was worth living again. She rejects the comforts of going to heaven or having other-worldly consolations. For all her piety, even EBB ultimately chose the happiness offered by this world.
EBB wrote few truly great works but she did write some very decent poetry. This selection is a good sample of her works. I would add that the introduction and notes at the end are not especially helpful to anyone hoping to understand more about the poems. Then again perhaps that will give you the chance to enjoy her poetry without any intermediary.