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متفکران روس

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از پیش‌گفتار مترجم:
از عنوان «متفکران روس» احتمالا انتظار برخورد با نوعی تاریخ فلسفه در خواننده پدید می‌آید، و حال آن که این کتاب هیچ شباهتی به تاریخ فلسفه ندارد، بلکه گشت و گذاری آزادی است در فضای فرهنگی روسیه در نیمه دوم قرن نوزدهم، که دوران شکوفایی ادبیات روسی و آن تحولات شورانگیز اندیشه اجتماعی در سرزمین روسیه است که زمینه انقلاب را فراهم ساختند...
متفکران روس مجموعه مقالاتی است که آیزایا برلین در مدتی نزدیک به سی سال (۱۹۴۸ تا ۱۹۷۵) در یکی از زمینه‌های کار خود -اندیشه و ادبیات روسی- نوشته است. به همین دلیل این کتاب را نمی‌توان یک بررسی پیوسته و منتظم از موضوع بحث به شمار آورد. برخی از برجسته‌ترین چهره‌های این دوره -مثلا گوگول و داستایوسکی- مورد بحث قرار نمی‌گیرند؛ برخی دیگر -تولستوی و هرتسن- دو بار مطرح می‌شوند و نویسنده هر بار از زاویه دیگری درباره آن‌ها سخن می‌گوید، و طبعاً پاره‌ای از مطالب خود را تکرار می‌کند.
چاپ اول ترجمه فارسی خرداد ماه ۱۳۶۱ جلد نرم

455 pages, Hardcover

First published January 1, 1978

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About the author

Isaiah Berlin

165 books777 followers
Sir Isaiah Berlin was a philosopher and historian of ideas, regarded as one of the leading liberal thinkers of the twentieth century. He excelled as an essayist, lecturer and conversationalist; and as a brilliant speaker who delivered, rapidly and spontaneously, richly allusive and coherently structured material, whether for a lecture series at Oxford University or as a broadcaster on the BBC Third Programme, usually without a script. Many of his essays and lectures were later collected in book form.

Born in Riga, now capital of Latvia, then part of the Russian Empire, he was the first person of Jewish descent to be elected to a prize fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford. From 1957 to 1967, he was Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at the University of Oxford. He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1963 to 1964. In 1966, he helped to found Wolfson College, Oxford, and became its first President. He was knighted in 1957, and was awarded the Order of Merit in 1971. He was President of the British Academy from 1974 to 1978. He also received the 1979 Jerusalem Prize for his writings on individual freedom. Berlin's work on liberal theory has had a lasting influence.

Berlin is best known for his essay Two Concepts of Liberty, delivered in 1958 as his inaugural lecture as Chichele Professor of Social and Political Theory at Oxford. He defined negative liberty as the absence of constraints on, or interference with, agents' possible action. Greater "negative freedom" meant fewer restrictions on possible action. Berlin associated positive liberty with the idea of self-mastery, or the capacity to determine oneself, to be in control of one's destiny. While Berlin granted that both concepts of liberty represent valid human ideals, as a matter of history the positive concept of liberty has proven particularly susceptible to political abuse.

Berlin contended that under the influence of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant and G. W. F. Hegel (all committed to the positive concept of liberty), European political thinkers often equated liberty with forms of political discipline or constraint. This became politically dangerous when notions of positive liberty were, in the nineteenth century, used to defend nationalism, self-determination and the Communist idea of collective rational control over human destiny. Berlin argued that, following this line of thought, demands for freedom paradoxically become demands for forms of collective control and discipline – those deemed necessary for the "self-mastery" or self-determination of nations, classes, democratic communities, and even humanity as a whole. There is thus an elective affinity, for Berlin, between positive liberty and political totalitarianism.

Conversely, negative liberty represents a different, perhaps safer, understanding of the concept of liberty. Its proponents (such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill) insisted that constraint and discipline were the antithesis of liberty and so were (and are) less prone to confusing liberty and constraint in the manner of the philosophical harbingers of modern totalitarianism. It is this concept of Negative Liberty that Isaiah Berlin supported. It dominated heavily his early chapters in his third lecture.

This negative liberty is central to the claim for toleration due to incommensurability. This concept is mirrored in the work of Joseph Raz.

Berlin's espousal of negative liberty, his hatred of totalitarianism and his experience of Russia in the revolution and through his contact with the poet Anna Akhmatova made him an enemy of the Soviet Union and he was one of the leading public intellectuals in the ideological battle against Communism during the Cold War.

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 70 reviews
Profile Image for Caterina.
101 reviews43 followers
July 23, 2023
How I wish Berlin had written a novel! I loved his style and his eloquence, it made this complex matter so much appealing. This is, I gather, one of the most important books on the history of ideas, since it so accurately describes the philosophical/ethical and political notions developed in Russia in the tumultuous 19th century; the different aspects on religion, politics, the cultural chasm between Russia and western Europe, the collective guilt of serfdom (most of the thinkers were members of the aristocracy, so their families owned dozens of "souls") and the great novels and essays produced in the midst of this mental battle.
I owe this book my "acquaintance" with Alexander Herzen, a brilliant mind who influenced most of his contemporary intellectuals and was regarded a leading figure among them (curiously enough nothing of his is published in my Russophile country, I 'll have to find the English translations). Also, I renewed my love affair with Turgenev!
Highly recommended.
Profile Image for Moshtagh hosein.
469 reviews34 followers
November 6, 2024
هم کتاب خوبی است هم ترجمه درستی دارد و هم ناشری کاربلد.
من خواندن این کتاب رو به عمد ده سالی به تعویق انداختم تا حداقل دوره‌ی اثار تولستوی و تورگینوف را خوانده باشم و خواندن دوره اثار این دو بسیار مفید واقع شد ، چون بسط و نقد بیشتر در مورد این دو نویسنده است و در مورد الکساندر هرتزن باید امیدوار بمانیم که اقای گلکار دوجلد دیگر از چهار جلد زندگینامه او را ترجمه کنند(انشالله).
قطعا کسانی چه بر اثار فاخر روسی نقد می‌نویسند ( از جمله خود من ) ممکن است بعد از خواندن این مهم نقد هود را برداشته یا اصلاح یا پاک کنند و یا بدتر ازنگ این کتاب بد بگویند.
Profile Image for Greg.
561 reviews143 followers
August 12, 2025
This collection includes what is arguably Berlin’s most famous essay, The Hedgehog and the Fox. The quotation from which the title is taken is usually attributed falsely, “There is a line among the fragments of the Greek poet Archilochus which says: ‘The fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing.’” I suspect that many of those who ascribe the quote to Berlin have rarely read beyond that first line. But they would have missed Berlin's brilliant intellect and unique writing style—majestic sentences and paragraphs brimming with commas, semicolons and run on sentences of impeccable logic.

It is worth reading Berlin’s explanation of the aphorism above to get a real sense of his style:
For there exists a great chasm between those, on one side, who relate everything to a single central vision, one system less or more coherent or articulate, in terms of which they understand, think and feel—a single, universal, organising principle in terms of which alone all that they are and say has significance—and, on the other side, those who may pursue many ends, often unrelated and even contradictory, connected, if at all, only in some de facto way, for some psychological or physiological cause, related by no moral or aesthetic principle; these last lead lives, perform acts, and entertain ideas that are centrifugal rather than centripetal, their thought is scattered or diffused, moving on many levels, seizing upon the essence of a vast variety of experiences and objects for what they are in themselves, without, consciously or unconsciously, seeking to fit them into, or exclude them from, any one unchanging, all-embracing, sometimes self-contradictory and incomplete, at times fanatical, unitary inner vision.
Berlin created the field of history of ideas. He wrote no great tomes. He focused on writing essays, disjointed when taken chronologically, that were compiled into loosely-themed books edited in large part by Henry Hardy. He didn’t write, as his biographer Michael Ignatieff describes in one of my very favorite biographies, he dictated and was transcribed. Therefore, when read aloud, one can almost hear Berlin’s voice. For those new to Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty (or, as it has been republished, Liberty: Incorporating Four Essays on Liberty) is probably a better place to begin. I read or reread Berlin at least once a year. Although he writes about the history of ideas, there are always lessons to be found that enlighten present day politics and governing.

Russian Thinkers focuses on the intellectual life of 19th century Russia. He examines the varied influences of issues and events including the Revolutions of 1848, German Romanticism, populism, literature, the Enlightenment, the struggles between right and left in Russia, and, for some, the tensions of being an expatriate in Europe on intellectuals including Tolstoy, Turgenev, Belinsky, Bakunin and his favorite thinker, Herzen.

Herzen is a relatively obscure figure today and deserves to be better known and understood. Berlin deftly compares, for example, the Hegelian-inspired views of Bakunin, who believed in making sacrifices for some future good with Herzen’s, which he sums up beautifully:
Why does a singer sing? Merely in order that, when he has stopped singing, his song might be remembered, so that the pleasure that his song has given may awaken a longing for that which cannot be recovered? No. This is a false and purblind and shallow view of life. The purpose of the singer is the song. And the purpose of life is to live it.
Profile Image for Hendrik.
440 reviews111 followers
May 11, 2021
Begleitend zu Dostojewskis Böse Geister (Die Dämonen) gelesen. Bietet einen ausgezeichneten Überblick, über die verschiedenen politischen, philosophischen und literarischen Strömungen im Russland des 19. Jahrhunderts. Zudem nicht nur inhaltlich interessant, sondern auch sehr gut geschrieben (bzw. vorgetragen).
Profile Image for Asim Bakhshi.
Author 8 books339 followers
June 5, 2013
"Describe, don't explain". Though Wittgenstein perhaps wrote those words while discussing the epistemological value of science, one has to read Isaiah Berlin in order to see their true expository demonstration. This is no ordinary achievement. In more than one way, its an indispensable text; that is, its a marvel of literary criticism, a classical description of the inner-most structures of Russian thought, introduction to some of the brilliant minds and intellectual giants of 19th century Russia, and most importantly, an exquisite commentary on the history of ideas that made the modern world. But while trying to achieve these goals, Berlin does not try to supply judgements, leaving reader with a lot to chew.

As I said, its the description that is perhaps far important that explanation; the latter has the tendency to eject the enquirer out of the domain of possibility, which in a way brings the creative process to a terminus.

On a different note, would anyone believe that a collection of essays about Russian literature and thought can prove to be a page turner? Well, to tell you the truth, it might not be unless the reader is at least familiar with major trends of Russian literature. For instance, two essays included in the volume -'The Hedgehog and the Fox' and 'Fathers and Children' - may fail to inspire a sense of awe without a decent familiarization with Tolstoy and Turgenev and if you have read 'War and Peace' and 'Fathers and Sons', its a bonus. However, if you are not familiar with Herzen, Belinsky or Bakunin, Berlin makes a point to generally characterize these trends of liberal intelligentsia before taking the reader finally to the outliers of the whole liberal spectrum.

Besides lucidity of prose, the greatest aspect of Berlin's exposition is fine categorization of social and political trends in literature, and how he supplies archetypes of thought for an informed as well as uninformed reader. His point, for instance in the starting essay, that Tolstoy could neither be characterized as a Fox or Hedgehog and his ultimate conclusion that he was a Fox trying to portray as a Hedgehog is so illuminating and potentially powerful that one is forced to place intellectuals in these relative compartments for the rest of one's life. Then there are subtleties such as Turgenev being an archetype for liberal predicament which are expounded with such force that now we have a way to describe various ideological movements of 21st century through the models of Russian thought.

An illuminate experience, a gripping read and a force to make you fall in love with Russia.
Profile Image for Ben Peters.
20 reviews16 followers
September 3, 2009
If one reads only two books to understand Russian thought, Berlin's should be one of them. Berlin's essays line up Russian liberal intelligentsia for close, dazzling, and critical examination: Herzen, Bakunin, Belinsky, Turgenev, and most of all Tolstoy. His essay "The Hedgehog and the Fox," which argues that Tolstoy "was by nature a fox but believed in being a hedgehog" (read for more) is so successful I hasten to point to "A Remarkable Decade" (1838-1848) which reviews the emergence of the Russian public literary class.

The problem with Berlin is his success in the West. Reading his book alone leaves the reader thinking the prominent strain of Russian intellectual thought is classically liberal. Nope. Berlin treats the outliers, not the substance, of Russian thought. His is a brilliantly high standard of criticism, but his scope is far from representative.

Now, if one agrees to three books, the third is up to you and the second to Berlin should be valuable and politically charged Richard Pipes' /Russian Conservatism and its Critics/ (2007) which recounts the work and times of thinkers like Catharine II, Karamazin, Chaadaev, Gogol, Dostoevsky, Leontiev and many others (to complete the point) too unfamiliar to mention. Between the two, the backdrop against which to understand the puzzle we call contemporary Russia becomes a little brighter.
Profile Image for آتوسا افشین نوید.
Author 4 books120 followers
July 17, 2020
برلین توضیح و تحلیلی از جریان‌های فکری- ادبی روسیه قرن نوزده به دست می‌دهد اما آنچه این تحلیل را به گمان من جذاب می‌کند دو رویکرد برلین در روایت جریانات فکری-ادبی‌ست. اول نگاه کردن به جریانات فکری بر بستر فضای روابط مرادوات روشنفکران و کنش و واکنش‌هایشان به تفکرات یکدیگر و دوم نگاه کردن به جریانات فکری بر بستر شخصیت نویسندگان-متفکرین ادبی. این دو بستر به خوبی سمت و سو گرفتن نگرش‌های ابتدایی، رشد و مرگ‌شان، در متن و حاشیه قرارگرفتنشان رانه به شکل اموری انتزاعی که به عنوان نتیجه فضای برهم‌کنش‌های انسانی تصویر می‌کند. اما جدای از این موضوع خواندن این کتاب-فارغ از اینکه کسی علاقمند به ادبیات روسیه و تاریخ فکری روسیه هست یا نه- برای خواننده حرفه‌ای ادبیات ایران و به خصوص برای منتقدین ادبی ایرانی به گمان من یک ضرورت است. اول به دلیل آنکه نگاه برلین تصویری می‌دهد از اینکه چطور می‌شود که در سرزمینی ادبیات می‌بالد. ادبیات چه وزنی در زندگی دارد، چه رسالتی دارد که در حاشیه به عنوانی پزی روشنفکری یا زائده‌ای بر شعاری مثل کتاب بهترین دوست است نمی‌ماند. دوم تاریخ انتشار کتاب است. برلین کتاب را در ۱۹۷۸ منتشر می‌کند و می‌شود از خلال نوشته‌ها فهمید ایزابرلین در روزهای پرتلاطم ایران چه نگاهی به نتیجه و ثمره جریان‌های فکری روسیه دارد. برلین در پایان کتاب ادعا دارد دعواهایی که از میانه قرن نوزدهم شروع شده چطور تا همین الان ادامه یافته و چرا. و این سوال برای ما ایرانی‌ها سوال مهمی‌‌ست
Profile Image for Bryn Hammond.
Author 21 books413 followers
August 23, 2016
A classic, but at this distance I found it overly vivid and viewpointy. Probably because I didn’t see eye to eye with his portraits, or (want to) recognise his Turgenev, his Dostoevsky.

Funnily, Aileen M. Kelly sent me to Isaiah Berlin, of whom she is follower in Russian intellectual history; and she explains his great importance in the historiography, as a solitary figure against the tides of his day – yet she didn’t mention how different, in the end, her understandings of these thinkers are. Her portraits (Toward Another Shore: Russian Thinkers Between Necessity and Chance) were more persuasive to me, and weighed, I think, with more balance. Perhaps she also learnt to value prose style from Berlin, because his is splendid, and I had been struck by hers.
Profile Image for Taha Rabbani.
164 reviews214 followers
November 11, 2014
من البته اين كتاب را تمام نكرده‌ام. ولي بعيد مي‌دانم به اين زودي‌ها بنشينم و تمامش كنم. بعضي از مقالاتش را خوانده‌ام. براي همين جزو خوانده‌ها مي‌زنمش
Profile Image for Ariana.
178 reviews20 followers
July 26, 2025
آیا تا به حال به این اندیشیده‌اید که چگونه اندیشه‌های یک ملت می‌توانند در بزنگاه‌های تاریخی، سرنوشت یک جامعه را دگرگون کنند؟

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آیزایا برلین، فیلسوف و مورخ برجسته قرن بیستم، با ذهن تیزبین و قلم توانمندش، ما را به سفری در دل تاریخ اندیشه‌های روسیه دعوت می‌کند. او که به خاطر تحلیل‌های عمیقش در باب آزادی و پلورالیسم شهره است، با نگاهی ژرف به پیچیدگی‌های فکری و فرهنگی، آثاری خلق کرده که همچنان الهام‌بخش اندیشمندان و خوانندگان در سراسر جهان است. کتاب «متفکران روس»، عصاره سی سال پژوهش بی‌وقفه برلین در تاریخ تحولات فکری، اجتماعی، سیاسی و ادبی روسیه، دریچه‌ای است به سوی فهم عمیق‌تر این سرزمین پهناور و پرتلاطم.
«متفکران روس» مجموعه‌ای از شش مقاله‌ است که هر یک به‌گونه‌ای استادانه، برشی از تاریخ پرفرازونشیب اندیشه در روسیه قرن نوزدهم را به تصویر می‌کشد. برلین با ظرافتی کم‌نظیر، خواننده را به سال 1848 می‌برد، جایی که شکست آرمان‌های لیبرال در فرانسه، امواجی از ناامیدی و بازاندیشی را در میان متفکران روس برانگیخت. او با نگاهی موشکافانه، اوضاع سیاسی و فکری این دوره را کالبدشکافی می‌کند و نشان می‌دهد چگونه این شکست، بذرهای تحولات فکری بعدی را در خاک روسیه کاشت. در مقاله‌ای دیگر، با عنوان «خارپشت و روباه»، برلین به سراغ لئو تالستوی می‌رود و با الهام از تمثیلی یونانی، دوگانگی‌های فلسفی این نویسنده بزرگ را با دقتی حیرت‌انگیز تحلیل می‌کند. این مقاله نه‌تنها نگاهی نو به تالستوی می‌اندازد، بلکه پرسش‌هایی بنیادین درباره ماهیت هنر و حقیقت را پیش روی خواننده قرار می‌دهد.
برلین در مقاله «یک دهه ممتاز»، به تولد طبقه روشنفکران روس می‌پردازد و تأثیر رومانتیسم آلمانی را بر اندیشه‌هایشان بررسی می‌کند. او با معرفی چهره‌هایی چون بلینسکی و هرتسن، نشان می‌دهد چگونه این متفکران در پی یافتن هویتی ملی و فکری برای روسیه بودند. این مقاله، با شرح چهار بخش منسجم، خواننده را به عمق بحث‌های پرشور آن دوران می‌برد و تأثیرات متقابل فرهنگ‌های اروپایی و روسی را به زیبایی ترسیم می‌کند. در ادامه، مقاله «جنبش مردمی و ناردونیک» به کاوش در ریشه‌های پوپولیسم روس و آرمان‌های ناردونیک‌ها می‌پردازد، جریانی که در پی پیوند با توده‌های روستایی، رویای جامعه‌ای عادلانه را در سر می‌پروراند. برلین با قلمی روان و گیرا، این جنبش را نه‌تنها به‌عنوان یک پدیده تاریخی، بلکه به‌مثابه نیرویی زنده و پویا معرفی می‌کند.
دو مقاله پایانی کتاب، «تالستوی و روشن‌اندیشی» و «پدران و فرزندان»، هر یک به‌نوبه خود شاهکارهایی در نقد ادبی و فکری‌اند. در اولی، برلین به کشمکش‌های درونی تالستوی با ایده‌های عصر روشنگری می‌پردازد و نشان می‌دهد چگونه این نویسنده بزرگ، میان عقل و احساس، در جست‌وجوی حقیقتی برتر بود. در مقاله دوم، با نقدی بر رمان «پدران و فرزندان» تورگنیف، برلین شکاف نسلی میان سنت‌گرایان و نوگرایان را با دقتی بی‌مانند بررسی می‌کند. این مقاله نه‌تنها اثری ادبی را تحلیل می‌کند، بلکه آیینه‌ای است در برابر جامعه‌ای که در آستانه تحولات عظیم قرار داشت.
آنچه «متفکران روس» را اثری بی‌بدیل می‌سازد، توانایی برلین در پیوند دادن اندیشه‌های فلسفی با واقعیت‌های تاریخی و ادبی است. او با زبانی شیوا و نثری که گاه شاعرانه و گاه طنزآمیز است، خواننده را به تأمل در پرسش‌های بزرگ بشری دعوت می‌کند: آزادی چیست؟ هویت ملی چگونه شکل می‌گیرد؟ و هنر چه نقشی در این میان ایفا می‌کند؟ این کتاب نه‌تنها برای علاقه‌مندان به تاریخ و ادبیات روسیه، بلکه برای هر که در پی فهم عمیق‌تر انسان و جامعه است، گنجینه‌ای است بی‌پایان.


ای کاش سال‌ها پیش از این، این کتاب را می‌خواندن تا به بسیاری افراد معرفی کنم و یا در فهم خود از ادبیات و جامعه روسیه می‌افزودم. هرچند در حال حاضر با خواندنش خرسند شدم.

در پناه خرد.
Profile Image for Illiterate.
2,775 reviews56 followers
September 20, 2022
Essayistic intellectual history shot through with Berlin’s ethics, ie. value pluralism & individual liberty vs moral abstractions.
Profile Image for John.
226 reviews130 followers
March 7, 2012
Without any doubt a superlative book by any measure. I can think of no better introduction to the origins of the Russian intelligensia - none, but then I've not yet read Mark Raeff's book. Nonetheless, in a series of justly praised essays, Berlin gives his account, necessarily hints outlines rather than presents a sustained, comprehensive account. [Sir Isaiah preferred to record his thoughts in essays and lectures rather than in sustained narratives - of which he wrote a few.]
What is most impressive about his writing, is his writing, entirely precise, engaging and - beautiful. Such clarity, such intelligent summaries and penetrating, insightful conclusions. I only wish that he had written the book for which the essays in this collection could have provided a very solid foundation. I only wish his lectures and essays had filled another 500 pages.
There's no doubt about the hero of it all - Alexander Herzen.
All in all, one could collate material from all the essays, arrange it in a roughly chronological sequence, and begin to develop an narrative of one's own. Quite a contribution.
Profile Image for Momo García.
116 reviews4 followers
February 21, 2016
Isaiah Berlín me cae mal, pero siempre genera polémica. En estos ensayos, es un esquizofrénico que valora y menosprecia intermitentemente a los rusos decimonónicos. Hay algo de sorpresa y envidia por ellos, además de una valoración tan extraña que le hace ningunear a Dostoyevski. Ese detalle le hace engrandecer a Tólstoi y atribuirle cosas que son elementos inherentes a Dostoyevski. De todos modos, Berlín se redime un poco haciéndole justicia a Herzen, a Belinsky y a Turgueniev -al que le dedica el ensayo más bello-. Si usted odia su liberalismo, cierre los ojos cuando habla de Bakunin: lo vapulea más que a Dostoyevski, MI Dostoyevski.
Profile Image for cypress.
24 reviews
December 10, 2022
DNF at 95 pages.

A disappointment. Berlin attempts to investigate Russian thinking by looking at Russia as though he's inspecting a rabid medieval city full of monkeys and hogs. At one point in "Herzen and Bakunin on Individual Liberty", he says; "Russia is not so rich in first-rate thinkers that she can afford to ignore one of the three moral preachers of genius born on her soil." This is such a narrow mindset, and to assign the role of "moral preacher of genius" to Alexander Herzen, of all people, is absurd.

I did not expect much going into this book, but Berlin's commentary often seems downright strange and much more inventive than it needs to be.
Profile Image for Matt Ely.
790 reviews55 followers
July 14, 2022
The sheer quantity of undefined references can be overwhelming, but as a sum total he does get around to explaining all the central figures and events that are most important. That said, he's comfortable leaving you confused.

The best thing about the text was how it put many of the Russian writers I know into relational context. It's not just about their ideas; it's about how their ideas affected one another and who they were most interested in communicating with. By thinking of this as a somewhat haphazard collective biography, the reader can get a much better sense of the environment around Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Turgenev, and many others who are less well known now but were just as important among their peers.

If you have a proclivity toward the "Russian novels," then this is worth getting both for context and for seeing who else you should be reading.
Profile Image for Lysergius.
3,159 reviews
November 5, 2020
A series of essays about a group of Russians whose thoughts about the regime and revolution are obscured by the shadow cast on their wtitings by the Bolsheviks and their revolution. They are all here, Herzen, Belinsky, Turgenev and Bakunin. Berlin's examination of their thought and development is sensitive and unprejudiced. Well written and very enlightening.
Profile Image for Michael Baranowski.
444 reviews13 followers
September 22, 2020
I bought this book on a whim, but it turned out to be one of the best non-fiction books I've ever read. Russian intellectuals of the 19th century have a lot to say that's very relevant in 2020, especially to people like me who have a conflicted relationship with capitalism and sympathize with the far left but feel uncomfortable at the radicalism of some of their tactics and proposed solutions.
Profile Image for Peter Van der Boom.
120 reviews1 follower
August 14, 2025
Wat een feest om Isaiah Berlin te lezen! Een van mij favoriete filosofen. Deze bundel bevat enkele van zijn mooiste essays.
Profile Image for Michael Suire.
58 reviews
September 8, 2025
Extraordinary compendium of Berlin's writings on the key thinker of Russian philosophy, literature, and thought. Definitely worth a read for those interested in Herzen, Belinsky, Tolstoi, Turgenev, and the effects on Russian thought of the 1848 failed revolutions in Europe.
Profile Image for Ady ZYN.
261 reviews13 followers
March 1, 2023
Sunt cărți care după zece pagini citite simți cât de ușor au trecut, le simți urzeala; dar sunt alte cărți care după zece pagini citite ai impresia că ai citit trei volume atât ca densitate de informații, cât și ca timp de parcurgere. Dacă primul gen de cărți are pagini care se topesc fără să-ți dai seama și poți să le urmărești firul narativ cu ușurință într-o continuitate lejeră, al doilea gen se parcurge mai greu, cumva fracturat, reluând pe alocuri paragrafele precedente ca să faci lumină în cele curente, să găsești firul logic.

Cartea e dedicată gândirii acelor membri ai societății rusești care constituiau practic un ordin devotat răspândirii, într-o formă aproape evanghelică a unui anumit mod de viață — intelighenția, proveniți, după cum se autocaracteriza Herzen, din așa numită generație a oamenilor de prisos; caracterizați de spontaneitate și distincție, priveau libertatea personală de pe poziția unor privilegiați ai sorții și totuși gândind și acționând radical în orizontul larg al unor minți educate, rafinate având afinități la tot ce e progres, nou și tânăr, găsindu-se într-o societate subdezvoltată social, încă agățată în evul mediu, deformată și de sus și de jos de tiranii arbitrare atât ale autorității, cât și ale birocrației slab, astfel încât, acești intelectuali simțeau acut drama "neputându-și găsi un loc în propria patrie" singura scăpare fiind o evadare în cinism ori disparare, sau în fantezie și iluzie sfârșind în autodistrugere sau capitulare.

Este o carte destul de greoaie pentru că secolul al XIX-lea a fost un secol bogat în evenimente istorice, iar ele au lovit cel mai special popor european: poporul rus. Primul din cele șapte eseuri descrie influența Revoluției din 1848, din Europa, asupra Rusiei țariste. Cum cazanul clocotitor al poporului rus a fost supus unei opresiuni preventive a țarului Nicolae I din care a rezultat filoane de gândire radicale ce s-au transformat în secolul următor într-un răspuns întârziat al societății ruse dar cu efecte extreme. Dacă Rusia a scăpat de inflamarea revoluționară care a agitat Europa în 1848, a făcut-o doar temporar. În 1905 spiritul revoluționar s-a declanșat și aici în cele din urmă. Țarul Nicolae I a impus un regim draconic pentru a înăbuși orice demers revoluționar în Rusia și chiar a pus umărul pentru a înăbuși revoluțiile și-n Europa. Însă presiunea țaristă nu a reușit să distrugă filonul revoluționar, ci a reușit să-l transforme într-o serie de curente de gândire originale. Isaiah Berlin prezintă răspunsul intelectualității ruse la opresiune și la dezamăgirea ratării programului revoluționar european.

Gândirii paradoxale a lui Tolstoi, Berlin îi dedică un eseu complex și amplu în care figura marelui scriitor ne apare pe fondul frământărilor politice ale epocii sale. Teoria istorică a lui Tolstoi este elementul central al eseului. Tolstoi își expune viziunea sa asupra istoriei inserând-o în capodopera sa Război și pace. Aici Berlin se documentează temeinic din critica literară și analizează optica lui Tolstoi. Romancierul apare divizat între două tendițe opuse care-l înscriu pe acea traiectorie paradoxală. Are acea forță de critica rațională a teoriilor istorice ale epocii, care făceau ca istoria să pară o știință exactă, cu legi destul de limpezi; el neagă posibilitatea de a cunoaște aceste legi suficient de bine pentru un demers explicativ suficient al desfășurării istorice; are o capacitate fulminantă de a descrie în amănunt multitudinea complexă a aspectelor vieții produsă de individualități la fel de complexe.

Dar totodată aspiră inconștient la găsirea unei explicații unice, a acelei legi explicative universale. „Prin natura sa, Tolstoi nu a fost un vizionar, el a văzut multitudinea de obiecte și situații din lume în varietatea lor și a surprins cu o claritate fără egal esența lor individuală și ceea ce le despărțea de ceea ce nu erau. [...]Geniul său consta în perceperae proprietăților specificie, a calității individuale aproape inexprimabile în virtutea căreia un obiect dat este diferit și unic în comparație cu toate celelalte.

Totuși, el tânjea după un principiu explicativ universal, adică după perceperea asemănărilor sau a originilor comune, ori a unui scop unic; ori a unității din aparenta varietate de elemente disparate, ce par să se excludă reciproc, care alcătuiesc materia lumii”. Personajele sale sunt superioare personajelor mai metodice, nu prin iscusința gândirii, ci prin intuirea raporturilor dintre lucrurile naturale, „a texturii universale a vieții omenești” în care sunt cuprinse adevărul și dreptatea.

Disecând opera Război și pace, aflăm subtilitățile gândirii istorice a lui Tolstoi. Disecând mai departe, aflăm și originile gândirii lui. Astfel că Berlin îl pune în paralel pe Tolsoi cu Joseph de Maistre, de la care a împrumutat din critica lui asupra liberalismului, dar i-a respins dogmatismul religios antiraționalist; punctează viziunea comună a sa cu lui Schopenhauer și cu împrumutarea de la socialistul francez Proudhon a titlului, Război și pace.

Aleksandr Herzen și Mihail Bakunin sunt două personaje fascinante ale intelectualității rusești din secolul XIX pe care Berlin îi pune în paralel ca să înțelegem punctele esențiale ale gândirii libere rusești într-o epocă destul de restrictivă. Herzen este scriitorul care detestă opresiunea și gândirea abstractă ce conduce la sisteme filosofice opresive. Condamnă romantismul german care începe să clocotească în intelectul gânditorilor ruși; el conduce formule ambigue care fundamentează o morală antiumanistă. "A înțeles ca termeni generali și abstracți ca libertate și egalitate, dacă nu sunt transpuși în cuvinte specifice aplicabile unor situații reale, pot, cel mult, să stârnească imaginația poetică și să insufle oamenilor sentimente generoase, iar în cel mai rău caz, să justifice prostii sau crime."

Un secol mai târziu, Constantin Gheorghiu deplângea dezumanizarea produsă de aceste teorii romantice. În romanul Ora 25 (publicat în 1949) depune mărturie împotriva înghesuirii umanului în categoriile generale ale politicilor abstractizante, care puneau în practică visurile utopice ale secolului trecut. „Generalizând mereu și căutând ori plasând toate valorile în ceea ce este general, umanitatea occidentală a pierdut orice simț pentru valorile unicului și, prin urmare, ale existenței individuale. De aici imensul pericol al colectivismului, fie el înțeles în stil rusesc sau american.” Societatea se prăbușește când individualismul este distrus de avântul statisticii abstractizante.

Bakunin este revoluționarul înflăcărat, contradictoriu — de parcă era un sofism din antichitate care susținea cu aceeași patimă argumentării opuse "justifica [prin dialectica hegeliană] nevoia de a te supune unei guvernări brutale și a unei birocrații stupide în numele Rațiunii eterne și a justifica apoi rebeliunea aducând aceleași argumente", adeptul unei libertăți fără restricții. "Bakunin, prietenul oficial al libertății absolute, nu a lăsat moștenire nicio idee ce merită a fi considerată în sine", cu un "caracter turbulent și despotic". Crezul său e să demoleze starea actuală fără alt scop. Și nu știe ce să pună în loc. Revoluția e doar pentru a distruge, nu a și schimba cu ceva, "noi suntem revoluționari, treaba noastră este să demolăm" spune el din exilul londonez.

"Un deceniu remarcabil" este un eseu vast în care Berlin prezintă geneza "intelighentiei" rusești, adică perioada 1838-1848. E momentul de cotitură al gândirii rusești și chiar al civilizației europene. Berlin știe să exprime limpede o imagine istorică complexă. Bogăția eseului constă în descrierea caracterului politico-cultural european al începutului secolului XIX și a condițiilor care au condus la contactul dintre el și caracterul specific rusesc, pasional, cu o nevoie stringentă de a fi eliberat. Când Berlin conturează imaginea romantismului german, filosofia lui Hegel sau Schelling, el prezintă rădăcinile ideologice care au condus pe intelectualii ruși la cele din urmă consecințe ale sistemelor germane de gândire când aceste sistem le ofereau, prin metafizica lor un mod de-a evada dintr-o realitate istorică ostilă.

Forța ideilor romantice germane, diseminate în mințile tinerilor studioși ruși ai anilor 30-40 din secolul XIX, a furnizat o cale de retragere a lor din fața mizeriei de zi cu zi într-o dimensiune metafizică amplă, lângă care realitatea imediată era doar un aspect insignifiant plutind într-o mare subtilă de elemente virtuoase revelate doar prin intuiția cultivată de filosofie. "A urmări valori materiale — reforme sociale sau scopuri politice de orice fel — înseamnă a umbla după năluci, a-ți atrage speranțele frânte, frustrare și nefericire". Dincolo de lumea empirică, respingând morala bisericii ortodoxe, se crea o religie seculară și metafizică. Dar și la Gheorghiu găsim ecoul aspirației spre un scop unic al vieții dezvăluit prin simțămintele transmise de artă și religie, în timp ce sistemul politic, democrația, chiar dacă e superioară totalitarismului, se rezumă doar de dimensiunea socială a umanității.

Vissarion Bielinski este personajul care a fascinat întreaga generație și, cu toată scurtimea vieții lui (a trăit doar 36 de ani), a produs schimbări majore în gândirea urmașilor cu ecouri până la revoluția din 1917. Berlin îi prezintă în detaliu evoluția gândirii și influența. Este un personaj care a impus respect și criticilor săi în aceeași măsură în care i-a fascinat pe admiratori. O personalitate efervescentă, veșnic în căutarea și apărarea la cote paroxistice a adevărului. S-a orientat spre literatură; căci acolo ideile se manifestau mai complex, nu doar sub forma rațiunii, ci și a ceva mai greu de explicat, în emoții și gânduri, mod prin care ideile deveneau mai intime celui care le exprimă definind însușiri individului ușor de distins. Bielinski ne apare pasional, înflăcrat, ambivalent, nepăsător față de sentimentele celor cu care nu e de acord, își susține cu tărie teoriile simțindu-le la cote maxime și renunță la ele cu aceeași înverșunare cu care le-a asimilat. Adoptă ideile romantice ale lui Hegel și Schlegel și le propovăduiește cu vigoarea specifică lui, dar renunță la el și-și pune cenușă în cap apoi.

Tipic rusesc este și conflictul care-l măcina nu doar pe Bielinski, ci întreaga intelectualitate. Pornit din ciocnirea a două civilizații cu decalaje mari între ele, una avansată și puternică în a seduce, avangardistă, sursă de morală și idei, Occidentul, și cealaltă dornică să-l imite, tradiționalistă și închisă, dar decisă să adopte același stil, societatea rusească, conflictul producea tulburări în conștiința rusului. Acesta era prins „între convingerile intelectuale și nevoile emoționale, uneori aproape fizice” și chiar dacă realiza că occidentul este demn de respect și emulație, viața de acolo era inacceptabilă, obiceiurile occidentale erau deranjante pentru rus. Cei cu origini în straturile mai de jos ale societății simțeau și mai acut criza. Bielinski se simțea mizerabil în sânul societății pe care o admira și voia cu ardoare să revină în locul pe care-l detesta. „Însă exista în el o sciziune izvorâtă dintr-o simultană admirație față de valorile idealurilor occidentale și o lipsă profundă de simpatie, de fapt o ostilitate și lipsă de respect față de trăsăturile și felul de viață ale burgheziei occidentale și ale intelectualilor occidentali tipici”. Intelectualii din clasa de mijloc nu simțeau așa de intens conflictul, dar și ei îl trăiau; nici ei nu preferau viața în mijlocul obiceiurilor occidentale. Caracteristica aceasta ambivalentă avea să caracterizeze societatea rusă până în contemporaneitate.

Următoarea etapă în dezvoltarea gândirii intelighentiei rusești a fost populismul rus, narodnicismul care a recunoscut o răspândire între 1860-1870. Populiștii au dus mai departe ideile generației anterioare a lui Herzen și Bakunin. În centrul idelurilor lor era pătura cea mai de jos a poporului rus, țăranii în special. Au rezonat la problemele lor și au căutat soluții să-i civilizeze. Ei credeau că Rusia este o națiune înapoiată, departe de realizările Occidentului. Dar au separat viața politică de viața socială observând eșecurile revoluțiilor europene și nefericirea societății; oamenii nu aveau nevoie de principii abstracte exprimate prin politici, ci de o ridicare din stadiul de general de barbarie și sărăcie a oamenilor. Contactul acestor intelectuali cu mediul rural este dramatic. În 1874 tinerii intelectuali coboară în sate să-i emancipeze pe țărani. Aceștia sunt refractari și chiar îi denunță. Urmează o radicalizare a unor populiști ce vor inspira mai târziu a treia generație a intelighenției, pe cei care vor implementa cu agresivitate un socialism împotriva principiilor promovate de ei în anii 60-70.

Tolstoi și iluminismul ni-l prezintă pe romancier în toată splendoarea pasiunii sale de a promova adevărul chiar dacă demersul îl condamnă la sacrificii enorme. „căci a sacrificat tot ce avea pe altarul virtuții adevărului — fericire, prietenie, iubire, pace, siguranță morală și, în cele din urmă, propria viață. Iar de la ea a primit în schimb doar îndoială, nesiguranță, dispreț față de sine și contradicții de nerezolvat”. Invocă și crede într-o educație care nu pervertește inocența. A studiat în Occident diverse tehnici educaționale și s-a declarat nemulțumit de ele. Oamenii de rând și copiii sunt deținătorii unei inocențe autentice pe care civilizația, cu normele ei educaționale sau prin reformele politice tind s-o strice. Individul singur avea posibilitatea să se ridice singur fără ajutorul altor sisteme și instituții. Construiește singur școli și să inventeze metode noi de studiu. Crezul lui fundamental era că „oamenii au o serie de nevoi primare, materiale și spirituale, aceleași pretutindeni și în orice epocă. Dacă acestea sunt satisfăcute, duc o viață armonioasă, care e și scopul naturii umane”. Detestă atitudinea scriitorilor de a sacrifica exprimarea moralității și adevărului pentru a realiza doar lucruri frumoase.

Ivan Turgheniev este alt reprezentat al gândirii specific rusești la care se oprește Berlin. Dar înainte de a-i diseca romanul Părinți și copii (care în 1862, când a apărut a creat o furtună fără precedent în litratura rusă), Berlin îl așază pe autor în contextul istoric ca ființă pe deplin conștientă și cu propriile lui reflexe. Turgheniev este un observator desăvârșit al stării de spirit rusești, nu este așa de pătimaș precum contemporanii săi. "Mai sensibil și mai scrupulos, mai puțin obsedat și mai puțin intolerant decât marii moraliști frământați din epoca lui", însă condamnă odiosul regim autocrat, dar și barbaria revoluționară care vrea să mature totul în calea ei. "Credea în progresul lent, realizat doar de minorități, dacă reușesc să nu se distrugă între ele. Literatura este și pentru el un mijloc de a scoate adevărul din mlaștina societății rusești. Dar nu avea mania să predice prin scris; nu îndrumă cititorul oferindu-i repere care să-i rezolve dilemele, nu-i oferă soluții. Furtuna era cumva garantată.

Dar chiar și așa, rămâne oarecum detașat de problemele politice. Păstrează o distanță care-i permite să critice de pe poziția unui realism lucid angajamentele colegilor săi de generație dedicați trup și suflet cauzei. Când Herzen este dezamăgit de eșecul liberalismul occidental și propune în schimb promovarea țăranului rus și a organizării lui ca etapă de reînnoire a lumii occidentale, Turgheniev consideră aceasta o imensă exagerare. Nu avea soluții la întrebările sociale stringente și nici nu adera la nicio ideologie, iar, în polarizata societatea rusă l-a transformat în țintă a criticilor din ambele părți, reacționară și revoluționară. El doar "înțelegea ambele fațete ale vieții". Cu romanul Părinți și copii ajunge practic între nicovala reacționară și ciocanul revoluționar și nimeni nu-l iartă.
Profile Image for James Henderson.
2,224 reviews159 followers
July 27, 2010
Russian Thinkers is a classic work on Russian literature and ideas. Included in this excellent collection of essays Isaiah Berlin has a fascinating essay, The Hedgehog and the Fox. In this essay Berlin uses the distinction found in a fragment of the poet Archilocus that argues that there are two types of thinkers: Hedgehogs, who know one big thing and foxes, who know many things. Berlin goes on to categorize the great thinkers of the ages into groups based on this distinction. Hedgehogs like Dante, Plato, Lucretius, Pascal and Dostoevsky versus foxes like Shakespeare, Herodotus, Aristotle, Goethe and Balzac. He goes on to attempt to classify Tolstoy and analyze his view of history. It is a worthy task and I will recommend to all that they read the essay and decide for themselves what Berlin succeeds in accomplishing with all his analysis. It is essays like this one that document the seriousness of the thought of Isaiah Berlin.
This collection of essays also include discussion of other Russian luminaries, including Alexander Herzen, Belinsky, Tolstoy, Bakunin, and the populists (including Chernyshevsky). Four essays in particular document the birth and development of the Russian Intelligentsia in the Nineteenth Century. These provide a valuable introduction to ideas that eventually, after much more development, led to the ultimate demise of Czarist Russia and the Bolshevik Revolution. Combined with Berlin's insight into literary writers like Turgenev the result is a magnificent tome--both a rewarding and delightful collection of essays.
Profile Image for sister bluestocking.
5 reviews4 followers
January 25, 2008
Tom Stoppard brought this classic back into vogue when he cited it as inspiration for his recent epic, "The Coast of Utopia."

Thrilling, incandescent writing. Even if you only read "The Hedgehog and the Fox," the most celebrated essay in this justly celebrated collection, Isaiah Berlin's dazzling book deserves a place in your library.

The subject of "Hedgehog" is Tolstoy's inability to forge a scientific theory of history, but Berlin ranges effortlessly across 19th century Russian history, literary criticism, and philosophy. His erudition is humbling (readers who, like me, are not trilingual, will have to skip the French and Russian quotes and footnotes), but Berlin is never less than fabulous company. This is a desert island book. I recommend it without reservation to serious readers of literature.

Profile Image for Margaret.
1 review9 followers
Currently reading
July 18, 2012
Do his insights really penetrate, or is it just the supremely self-assured prose? No, they do. Amazing essay on Tolstoy, even if a Tolstoy I barely recognize: "an incurable love of the concrete, the empirical, the verifiable, and an instinctive distrust of the abstract, the impalpable, the supernatural – in short an early tendency to a scientific and positivist approach, unfriendly to romanticism, abstract formulations, metaphysics. Always and in every situation he looked for 'hard' facts – for what could be grasped and verified by the normal intellect, uncorrupted by intricate theories divorced from tangible realities, or by other-worldly mysteries, theological, poetical and metaphysical alike . . . [He] remained an enemy of transcendentalism from the beginning to the end of his life.”
Profile Image for Richard Seltzer.
Author 27 books133 followers
March 26, 2024
I picked up this book because I had been both fascinated and confused by Berlin's essay "the Hedgehog and the Fox many years ago, and that essay is included in this collection. I remembered the essay as about Tolstoy and Dostoevsky -- Tolstoy being a fox who wanted to be a hedgehog and Dostoevsky a hedgehogs who wanted to be a fox. But this version of that essay says almost nothing about Dostoevsky, and a lot about Alexander Heren, who seems to be Berlin's hero, his model for the ideal attitude toward history, government, and life.

Immersing himself in Tolstoy's writing and speaking as if he were Tolstoy, he says: "Only unconscious activity bears fruit and the individual who plays a part in historical events never understands their significance. If he attempts to understand them, he is struck with sterility." p. 34 "... these men must be impostors since no theories can possibly fit the immense variety of possible human behavior, the vast multiplicity of minute, undiscoverable causes and effects which form that interplay of men and nature which history purports to record ... This, then, is the great illusion which Tolstoy sets himself to expose: that individuals can, by the use of their own resources, understand and control the course of events." p. 35 "History is plainly not a science, and sociology, which pretends that it is, is a fraud; no genuine laws of history have been discovered, and the concepts in current use -- 'cause', 'accident', 'genius' -- explain nothing: they are merely thin disguises for ignorance."

Sometimes a rambling, carefully balanced run-on sentence sums up and ties together the life-work many well-known authors. In this one he is ostensibly talking about Tolstoy, but ranges far with intriguing generalizations. "Utterly unlike her as he is in almost every other respect, Tolstoy is, perhaps, the first to propound the celebrated accusation which Virginia Woolf half a century later levelled against the public prophets of her generation -- Shaw and Wells and Arnold Bennett -- blind materialists who did not begin to understand what it is that life truly consists of, who mistook its outer accidents, the unimportant aspects which lie outside the individual soul -- the so-called social, economic, political realities -- for that which alone is genuine, the individual experience, the specific relation of individuals to one another, the colors, smells, tastes, sounds, and movements, the jealousies, loves, hatreds, passions, the rare flashes of insight, the transforming moments, the ordinary day-to-day succession of private data which constitute all there is -- which are reality." p. 36

He clarifies the views and the important influence of the critic Belinsky: "...he remained faithful tot he romantic doctrine that the best and least alloyed art was necessarily the expression not merely of the individual artist but always of a milieu, a culture, a nation, whose voice, conscious and unconscious, the artist was, a function without which he became trivial and worthless, and in the context of which alone his own personality possessed any significance." p. 161 "The value and the influence of his position reside precisely in his lack of, and conscious opposition to, artistic detachment: for he saw in literature he expression of everything that men have felt and thought and have had to say about life and society, their central attitude to man's situation and to the world, the justification of their whole life and activity, and consequently locked on it with the deepest possible concern." p. 184

He quotes Annenkov and clearly wishes that he too could have met Herzen face-to-fact. "...I was puzzled and overwhelmed, when I first came to know Herzen -- by this extraordinary mind which darted from one topic to another with unbelievable swiftness, with inexhaustible wit and brilliance; which could see in the turn of somebody's talk, in some simple incident, in some abstract idea, that vivid feature which gives expression and life." p. 189

Berlin brilliantly summarizes Herzen's life work. "Herzen declares that any attempt to explain human conduct in terms of, or to dedicate human beings to the service of, any abstraction, be it never so noble -- justice, progress, nationality -- even if preached by impeccable altruists like Mazzini or Louis Blanc or Mill, always leads in the end to victimization and human sacrifice. Men are not simple enough, human lives and relations are too complex for standard formulas and neat solutions, and attempts to adapt individuals and fit them into a rational schema, conceived in terms of a theoretical idea, be the motives for doing it never so lofty, always lead in the end to a terrible maiming of human beings, to political vivisection on a ever increasing scale." p. 193 "...the goal of life is life itself, ... to sacrifice the present to some vague and unpredictable future is a form of delusion which leads to the destruction of all that alone is valuable in men and societies -- to the gratuitous sacrifice of the flesh and blood of live human beings upon the altar of idealized abstractions." p. 194 And he quotes Herzen directly, "We think that the purpose of the child is to grow up because it does grow up. But its purpose is to play, to enjoy itself, to be a child. If we merely look to the end of the process, the purpose of all life is death." p. 196

I now feel compelled to read Herzen's autobiography My Past and Thoughts.
Profile Image for Andrew Noselli.
698 reviews78 followers
March 4, 2023
Although I have yet to read Isaiah Berlin's later works, which include the books Four Concepts of Freedom and An Essay on Liberty, nevertheless it seems to me that in his later years he became a champion of liberal values and was more or less happy to proselytize for the American way of life. If only he had known how long he was going to live, (he nearly reached one hundred years of age,) I suspect he would have injected more of his political leanings into his early academically-leaning books like Russian Thinkers. Perhaps you would suggest that explicitly stated politics has no place in these types of books, or that at the time Berlin did not have the sufficient prestige that would have allowed him this discretion, but I would suggest that if one reads carefully, his political leanings are embodied in his books. In writing this review, I feel there is a balance to be struck between an individual's right to engage in polemics and the honest treatment of the text itself. But one should ask oneself the question: For all the knowledge that a man like Isaiah Berlin was able to garner in his years of studious writing, would it have been possible for him to offer more than the definitive history of the literary backbone that shaped the critical perspective of the Russian revolution? In my opinion, the fact that a man like Isaiah Berlin was not able to continue where Marx left off and offer his advice on how power could be realized within the body of the people and, furthermore, how the state could eventually be liquidated as, at last, society is freed to embrace a perfect socialism, causes an intellectual chill to settle over me that extends 'from Siberia to the scaffold'. The reality is that Berlin's books are to be obtained in our culture as commodities among commodities, and the fact that there is such a place (if only on the web) as the Isaiah Berlin literary archive and book depository, where such ostensibly revolutionary ideas are stored, neutralized and disenfranchised, implicitly fuels a cycle where reality is unable to catch up with the illusory self-generating image that capitalism produces and so is condemned to remain forever out of reach. Three stars.
Profile Image for Stephen Selbst.
420 reviews7 followers
February 8, 2018
In Russian Thinkers Isaiah Berlin surveys the century of intellectual ferment in Russia that led in nearly linear fashion to the disastrous Russian Revolution. At the commencement of the 19th century, Russia had a tiny educated class (less than 1% were literate), and it was oppressed by a repressive state, a sluggish bureaucracy, a Church swaddled in ignorance and hypocrisy, and an peasant class that lived in serfdom. When the amateur-hour Decembrist coup of 1825 predictably failed, it set off the beginnings of the formation of a class of educated young men who dreamed of a different future. Some merely sought traditional liberalization and reforms, while others pursued more radical paths. But as the 19th century progressed, the "liberation" of the serfs largely failed, and the repressions of the various Tsars intensified, the more radical voices eventually smothered more moderate ones. The result was a hard-edged version of utilitarianism that justified any level of violence in service to the supposed iron laws of communism. Berlin knew this field intimately, so he is able to analyze how and why this happened with a tone that is a mixture of sympathy for the plight those Russians found themselves in, but having seen the many horrors imposed upon Russia in the name of the Revolution, with a firm revulsion for its unjustifiable crimes against humanity. This book is lucidly written; save going to the original texts, there is no better non-academic guide to this fascinating but dreadful era.
3 reviews
June 24, 2021
Between the endless name dropping and the sometimes critical references to articles of the day, or turning points of thought Isaih is at his best making bold and a romantic assertions. There are great portions in each essay, but the nu-romantics from essay 3, and the dialectic (fox, hedgehog, and those who are damned to demand something they can’t quite mark) of the second essay were my favorite. It takes until Russian populism for him to really develop his initial talking points about Turgenev, but his takes on herzen get a bit repetitive.

Overall an awesome opening ressource picking apart historical literary circles and the critics they faced
Profile Image for Robert Varik.
168 reviews15 followers
February 25, 2023
Tegemist on Berlini 19. sajandi vene mõtlejaid kästileva esseekogumikuga, millest lugeja saab hea ülevaate nii idanaabri suurimatest mõtlejatest tol sajandil kui ka üldise ekskursi vene aja- ja kultuurilukku.

Berlini elegantne stiil teeb ta esseed nauditavaks ka neile, kes ei loe teost akadeemilisest huvist. Samuti aitab tema esseede analüüsimine mõelda sellele, mis teeb ühe essee tõeliselt heaks. Eks ikka see, kui autoril on midagi uut öelda teema kohta, millest tundus, et juba kõik teada on. Berlinil on tõepoolest iga suure Vene mõtleja kohta midagi endale iseloomulikku öelda, mingisugune suur ja huvitav üldistus teha.
8 reviews
March 2, 2021
Given Berlin’s Russian roots, I guess this should be a authentic depiction of the great Russian thinkers in 19th century. However, after reading it, I still don’t have a clear picture of what makes members of the cohort stand out from each other. It seems to me that they are categorized as either Slavophile or westernizers (mostly Romanticists). Conceptualization without much detail has limited value in interpreting the real spirit of a mysterious nation like Russia.
Profile Image for Dimitrii Ivanov.
581 reviews17 followers
June 21, 2024
Rather illuminating - looks at some of the key mid-19th century bearded Russians (OK, Belinsky is the exception to prove the rule here - but what a magnificent cover) and places them in a wider context, in brilliant style. For all the magnificence and effort, there are some minor misquotes or mistranslations in the main text, and an occasional minor mistake in the glossary (eg. misdating Derzhavin's most famous piece or Vera Figner's return to Russia).
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