In the first half of the book, Zohar provides a primer on the quantum world. In a nutshell, ultimate reality is neither a particle nor a wave, but both. It’s a “package deal.” One implies the other. “Each is a way that matter can manifest itself, and both together is what matter is…both are necessary to give us a complete picture of reality,” though…”only one is available at any given time.” (1) In the quantum world, we cannot predict specialized outcomes, but only probabilities.
In this way, Zohar sees ultimate reality as indeterminate being. Being is one – particle and wave, though its two prongs of behavior are not specifically determinable. Particle and wave are united by something transcendent so that a whole is more than the sum of its parts. Particles are like individuals. Waves are relational and group-like and, this way, there’s a “oneness of being,” a field instantaneously linked across space-time. Oneness she says has a self-organizing quality, like cheerios in a bowl of milk. It’s what they do. But what she really says is that waves, functioning as a whole, govern particles.
As with all of life, if not before, (2) her argument is that we ourselves function as quantum selves. We are particle and wave, but we particularly function as waves. We are relational, to the wider whole, and the whole, via consciousness, governs the parts. Wave-like consciousness relates us to others and the whole. “Our living bodies,” she says, "are in a constant, dynamic interchange with other bodies and with the inanimate world around us.” This is Zohar’s “relational holism.”
Then from here, Zohar extends oneness to a universal field of sorts, the whole of reality. Oneness is this “metaphor of the Great Chain of Being, which portrays everything as belonging to one unified and complete chain extending from man to the smallest particles of inanimate matter." Unlike eastern mysticism where the individualized ego is negated by the whole, Zohar recreates the individual self as Self, as a part that relates to this whole, holistically. As particles, we are static entities, but as waves we are particles that move in a field involving other particles and toward the whole. Quantum consciousness expands by forming ever-greater wholes that can extend to cosmic knowing. In her quantum language, she calls this movement toward the whole the Bose-Einstein condensate – quantum particles that, at a critical level, vibrate in unison, and create a harmonic (organized) field. The “condensate” is “a thing-in-itself, a new thing with qualities and properties not possessed by its constituent parts.” Then she quotes Plato’s Timaeus about this organized coming together in the human sphere, which is Plato’s point also in the Symposium. It’s about love. It’s Buber’s “binding force that draws and (sic) I and a Thou into an I-Thou.” It’s Heidegger’s Being. It’s us, via becoming (relational movement), as “cosmic being.” It’s Jung’s “transpersonal psychology,” not Freud’s particles. It’s female (relationship) not male (particle). It’s togetherness, not individualism. It’s intimacy, not alienation.
This is Zohar’s worldview. Zohar contrasts this oneness of Being with the prevailing view, emanating from the philosophy of Plato, and running through Descartes and Newton. Plato splits mind from the body or, rather, subsumes the body to mind. Descartes splits mind and body into the mental and the physical. Both are dualists in this way. (3) That separation, “alienation” as she calls it, (4) culminated with Newtonian physics that forgot mind altogether and turned reality into particles that operate via deterministic mechanism. And that’s where we are today. Newtonian physics cannot explain consciousness. The mind is just a computer, a “mind machine” with “no central self-organizer,” a whole that is just the sum of its parts, all in accord with “an entirely lifeless design.”
Zohar should be given credit for trying to discuss the physics of Being. She, an excellent writer, weaves together a wide range of philosophical and scientific material to tell a good story. But I think it is wrong. She strays too far from the materialist principles that she covers in the first part of her book. “If we want to combat materialism and its whole reductionist ethos,” she writes, “this insight allows us to argue that the mind is not some mere offshoot of brain function.” Phrasing it this way suggests that she looking for an alternative to reductionism and materialism and finds it with the quantum self. This becomes clearer with her pejorative critique of the gestalt prayer which she says celebrates the “I” at the expense of the other and the whole. Others, in contrast, can interpret that prayer as a Nietzsche-like assertion of self, breaking away from the shackles of conformity, creating a self that is in harmony with itself. In other words, separation from the whole is a healthy thing.
Zohar wants us to drop the particle side to focus on the Zen-like wave side, yet her argument at the beginning of the book does not split us up that way. (5) We are both particle and wave. We are individualized ego and relational wholes and here too we bump into the inherent tension between id and superego, and a Jungian struggle to find a harmony between the two. And isn’t this the way we function as evolutionary beings? We are selves, trying to survive, yet that survival depends on adapting to the environment, including social groups. Also, while some individuals are more particle than a relational wave, Zohar does not talk about this point.
Zohar wrongly argues that evolution is about particles in motion, individuals, and not the relational whole that is her quantum consciousness. (6) That skips over Darwin’s whole treatment of our tribal nature – where we, as “particle,” are fundamentally designed to be social beings, to merge with and support “relational wholes” because this was the key to individual survival. Even a global feeling of oneness can be explained, plausibly, in alternative ways, such as Hume’s reference to our “robust imaginations” that serve the passions. In this case, it might be the hope that we survive beyond death or a Jungian yearning to be part of a greater whole (God as oneness or a transcendent tribe).
Zohar believes she transcends the “mind-body problem (the idealism-materialism split) with what she calls “panpsychism.” “If bodies without minds are too brute,” she writes,” and minds without bodies too ethereal, perhaps there is really no way they can be separated after all. Perhaps the mental is really a basic property of the material and vice versa. Perhaps the basic, underlying ‘stuff’ of the universe is just one ‘thing’ that possesses two aspects.” I suppose she means that we as static particles (and points of time) do not exist. Particles function as mental energy that move relationally, outside of itself, and toward the self-organized whole of which she writes. Possibly, we even become “a microcosm of cosmic being.”
Zohar might be onto something if her argument was reframed to leave out her quantum notions. We are one entity, an integrated self, designed to survive. Zohar says that “unless consciousness is something that just suddenly emerges, just gets added on with no apparent cause, then it was there in some form all along as a property of the constituents of all matter.” Here, she is probably correct at least as it applies to life at its lowest levels (see Piaget’s Biology and Knowledge), where mind is an adaptive tool that operates dialectically by incorporating information from the outside, and transforming behavior within the limits of the instinctive program based on that information.
With survival and replication as evolution’s (non-purposeful) goal, mind in the sense of abstract consciousness is an exceptional tool that helps with adaptation. Though complex and often confused, the self somehow sits at the center of who we are as biological beings and pulls together, or attempts to do so, all of our semi-autonomous parts, to promote the body’s interest. Whereas Zohar’s self becomes the panpsychic Self, Darwin’s self is just that. It’s an individual trying to do its job, however mundane those tasks are. Biologically, it’s adaptation. Philosophically, Being is Becoming (i.e., Becoming -- changing/adaption -- leads to the survival of Being). And, sometimes, the individual’s consciousness can soar to great heights and see Big History, but it is as self, not Self.
(1) “Either we can measure the exact position of something like an electron when it manifests itself as a particle, or we can measure its momentum (its speed) when it expresses itself as a wave, but we can never measure both, exactly, at the same time….While we can measure wave properties, or particle properties, the exact properties of the duality must always elude any measurement we might hope to make.”
(2) The “sharing of information, this mutual ‘knowing,’ may represent elementary conscious awareness on the part of the electron.”
(3) This dualistic split is clearer with Descartes than with Plato where I think it’s fair to say that Plato’s Forms illustrate her point that the whole governs the parts. Earlier, for example, Zohar states that the Great Chain of Being metaphor originated in Plato’s Timaeus; later she argues that Plato’s Republic was a model for training its citizens to think holistically. But this is not her perspective on mind-body dualism. “Ever since Plato,” she writes, “the West has stressed the rational and the analytic, the rules by which we form thoughts and make decisions, the ‘component parts’ of our conscious life. The logic of this has led naturally to the computational, or computer, model of the brain. The cost of this model, however, has been the overlooking of another side to human knowing and experience, what might be called the intuitive side, the side that draws on wisdom, imagination, and creativity. In modern neurophysiological terms, these two sides of our mental life have been spoken of as the right-brain/left-brain split, and our culture as a left-brain culture. Using an equally good metaphor from quantum physics, we might speak of this situation as a particle/wave split and say that our culture has emphasized the particle aspect of the mind.”
(4) “The roots of this alienation run deep in our culture, going back at least as far as Plato’s philosophy with its distinction between the realm of Ideas and the world of experience, and later drawing on Christianity’s denigration of the body in favor of the soul.”
(5) “In any quantum system of two or more particles, each particle has both a ‘thingy-ness’ and ‘relating-ness,” the first due to its particle aspect and the second to its wave aspect. It is because of the wave aspect and what it allows to happen that quantum systems display a kind of intimate, definitive relationship among their constituent members that doesn’t exist in classical systems.” Of course, this whole argument of hers could be so much hocus-pocus. It could be that, while cells operate quantumly as she says, our bodies and minds operate more or less linearly: e.g., in basic means-end fashion, we define an objective and then outline the steps that lead to it. We are, in other words, Newtonians in a quantum world.
(6) “Darwinian biology, whether in its original brutish and determinist form (survival of the fittest) or in its neo-Darwinian emphasis upon random evolution, has little to say about why we are here or how we relate to the unfolding of material reality, never mind about the purpose and meaning of any evolution of consciousness beyond the simple, utilitarian conclusion that consciousness seems to confer ‘some evolutionary advantage.” It has a lot to say, i.e., there’s no evidence that our existence is anything more than surviving-replicating-surviving, with love and war in between; it’s literally the Great Chain of Life and nothing more than this.