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帝國煉金術:東南亞的民族主義與政治認同

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來自歐洲的民族主義,如何結合東南亞傳統的族裔文化,在二十世紀建立各式各樣的民族國家?承接殖民帝國疆域的大型民族國家如印尼、馬來西亞,為何又存在著各種擁有獨特身分認同的其他民族?民族主義煉就的現代東南亞民族認同,到底有什麼獨特性?

對於這個難題,作為東南亞研究權威的安東尼.瑞德在本書中提出了深具原創性的分析。瑞德整合包括「想像的共同體」等各式民族主義理論,結合歷史學及人類學視野的實證研究,進而提出不同於以往研究的獨到觀察──

在經典著作《東南亞史》一書中,瑞德提出了古代東南亞社會具有語言多樣性、弱國家性、重視貿易等特質,而在本書中,他認為這些古代特質更體現為「厭惡國家」的文化型態:東南亞厭惡官僚體系及法律制度,重視親屬關係與宗教儀式,社會凝聚力的基礎在於族裔血緣而非國家權力。

東南亞重視族裔的傳統,沒有因為歐洲殖民統治及現代化而消失,反而隨著殖民帝國建立的統治結構、工業基礎、以及訴求「同質性」的教育系統,最終結合「反殖民帝國」的「國恥恨」激烈情緒,成為建立自我意識與民族認同、推翻殖民統治的動力來源。作者指出,「在政治認同的塑造過程中,源遠流長的歷史傳統所扮演的角色,往往比文獻記載中的更加重要。」

本書回顧東南亞從殖民時期到當代的民族主義發展史,並且透過華人、馬來人、亞齊人、巴塔克人與卡達山人等案例,進一步說明。作者最終指出,東南亞自古以來的文化多樣性及重視族裔的歷史傳統,既是推動當地民族認同形成的根本力量,也是不同於歐洲或東亞地區民族主義的根本原因。

其中,華人的「族裔傳統」來自中國本土的文化認同,因此在東南亞始終被稱為「局外人」而與當地格格不入。本書對於東南亞的華人,包括菲律賓華人、馬來半島的峇峇華人、印尼華人身分認同的共通點及歧異性、他們在各民族國家形成過程中扮演的角色,以及為何東南亞會形成類似歐洲「反猶運動」的排華風氣,都有著獨到而深入的分析。

這些案例除了馬來人以外,都是東南亞的少數族群。他們都憑藉著自身宗教或文化等歷史久遠的「族裔傳統」,而在歷史演化過程中發展出高度的身分認同。雖然這些少數族群未能建立如馬來西亞、印尼完全獨立的主權民族國家,但直到今天始終保持著鮮明的民族意識。

352 pages, Paperback

First published November 19, 2009

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About the author

Anthony Reid

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Anthony Reid was a New Zealand-born historian of Southeast Asia. His doctoral work at Cambridge University examined the contest for power in northern Sumatra, Indonesia in the late 19th century, and he extended this study into a book The Blood of the People on the national and social revolutions in that region 1945–49. He is most well known for his two volume book "Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce", developed during his time at the Research School of Pacific (and Asian) Studies, Australian National University in Canberra. His later work includes a return to Sumatra where he explored the historical basis for the separate identity of Aceh; interests in nationalism, Chinese diaspora and economic history, and latterly the relation between geology and deep history.
Professor Reid taught Southeast Asian history at University of Malaya (1965–1970) and Australian National University (1970–1999). He became the founding director of the Southeast Asia Center, University of California, Los Angeles, 1999–2002, and then the founding director of Asia Research Institute (ARI) at the National University of Singapore (NUS), 2002–2007. He retired from NUS in 2009. Thereafter he was based in Canberra as Professor (Emeritus) at the Australian National University.
As a writer of fiction he styled himself Tony Reid. He was the son of John S. Reid, a New Zealand diplomat who held postings in Indonesia, Japan and Canada in the 1950s and 1960s.

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January 13, 2018
A very nice reading on nationalism in Southeast Asia, but should be read by anyone studying nationalism more broadly anywhere else in the world. Offers some important additions to Anderson and other theorists of nationalism.
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