Overall, this book was well reasoned and provided good biblical examples when relevant for supporting arguments for Catholicism vs. other Christian denominations. However, the first part covering arguments for the faith to present to atheists felt too shallow. It could have gone much deeper into more convincing arguments rather than skimming lightly over a few. It would also have been useful to include arguments for Christianity specifically versus other religions.
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Notes
Infant baptism: Jesus said “let the little children come to me and do not hinder them, for to such belong the kingdom of heaven.” Matt 19:14. Also in Acts 2, when Jesus was preaching at Pentecost he said “Repent and be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins...for the promise is to you and your children.” Also, since the Jews were so used to infant initiation into their faith (circumcision), it seems like he would have clarified if that no longer applied.
Many secularists or atheist see religion as being incompatible with reason. However white a few famous and celebrated scientists have been Catholics Protestants Jews etc. “ Faith and reason coexist without contradiction.” JPII and his encyclical Faith and Reason said “faith and reason are like two wings on which the human spirit rises to the contemplation of truth.”
Foundations of a logical argument
1. The principle of non-contradiction: something can’t simultaneously A and not-A
2. The general reliability of sense perception: we trust our reason to understand and identify why are sensitive sometimes. “The senses are generally reliable, reason makes up the deficit.”
3. The principle of causality: “for every effect there must be a cause.” If you argue against Kies, it’s a self-destructing argument.
4. The notion of self consciousness: “ this is what tells me that I exist. I may believe that everything is an illusion, but I am still left with myself, The entity that is entertaining the illusion.”
“ what we need to demonstrate to skeptics is that human beings naturally reason from the visible to the invisible, from the sensible to the insensible.” Therefore it is rational to reason from the visible to the invisible, and it is how scientists in fact operate.
“ God himself is invisible yet clearly perceptible in visible creation.” this is natural theology; that God can be perceived and reason from the natural world that we are able to see with our senses. “Revelation serves correct and perfect what we might discover from reason.“
Atheism as we know it wasn’t a common or popular concept until the 19th century; before then, many people believed in some sort of divinity, and atheism meant not believing in an Orthodox God, such as being a pagan.
Saint Thomases five proofs for the existence of God:
1. Everything that moves moves because something made it move; however you can’t say that from turn it he there was a chain reaction of movements because there had to of been some first unmoved mover, and that unmoved mover is God.
2. Every effect has a cause but the causal chain cannot be infinite (just like the movement chain). There must be an uncaused first cause.
3. Everything in the world doesn’t come from nothing but is rather derived from something else; everything is contingent upon the existence of other things. However, yet again there cannot be infinite chain derivation, so “there must be an ultimate being was neither transitory nor derivative...and is necessary in and of itself.”
4. We have measurements that judge the perfection of something such as whether something is more or less good or less true etc. Since these are relative measurements, there must be an absolute and constant standard of measurement of perfection.
5. Everything in our universe follows a set of rules, order, purpose, and standards. Our universe is perfectly ordered to exist, and even an unintelligent creatures and things follow this order. There seems to be a design to the universe, so there must be a designer.
The moral argument, as put forth by Immanuel Kant, John Henry Newman, and CS Lewis: “Human beings observe a universal standard of right and wrong.” We seem to have a universal moral sense (conscience) that is shared by all, even though there might be nuances between cultures. When we condemn something as wrong, we have to be comparing it as wrong person is some sort of universally acknowledged truth of what right and wrong means. It requires that we see these universal morals as decreed by an ultimate authority.
“Pascal’s Wager”: Pascal conceived the idea of believing in God as a coin toss; if you win, you win everything; if you lose, think. So naturally you would bet on God existing rather than not.
There is also the argument for desire; every human desire we have had some thing that satisfies it. Water satisfies thirst, sex satisfies our sexual urges, foods satisfies hunger. So faith and God exist to satisfy our spiritual hunger.
The natural law applies to all humans and is unique to humans. Even people who are personally find breaking the natural wall themselves typically don’t want go same actions performed on them; for example people who are cowards don’t want others to be cowards in similar situations that would affect them, murderers wouldn’t want to be murdered, liars don’t want to be lied to, etc. Barton do you typically have their sanity questioned by society.
Humankind is by nature religious, so even if you’re not worshiping a God you’re still worshiping something you love (material goods, people etc.)
“ why is there evil if God is both all powerful and all good? If he is all good, his creation should reflect that perfection. If he is all powerful, then he should be able to prevent that evil from happening. Yet we cannot solve that problem by dismissing God; in fact, such a denial only makes the problem worse. Denying God’s existence in order to solve the problem of evil is like Burning your house down in order to get rid of termites, or cutting off your head to stop a nosebleed. People who allow evil to drive them to atheism suddenly have no standards by which to judge something evil. Instead of solving the problem, they’ve institutionalized it; written it into The very fabric of the cosmos. If there is no God, but there is no transcendent ultimate goodness.. without God, everything becomes a mere matter of moral indifference or human preference.”
There are two types of evil: physical evil (disease, natural disasters, etc.) and moral evil (something that is done by an unrighteous actor). Evil is always an absence of good (example sickness is the absence of health, lying is an absence of truth, etc.). Evil is not a thing, so it is alien to God’s creation. Evil is permitted because we have been giving free will and rationalization, so we have the choice of selecting something that is not of God. Cannot be coerced, so that is why I was so important that we had free will.
Evangelical Christians may claim that Catholics don’t have a place in their liturgy for the faithful to proclaim Jesus Christ as their personal Lord and Savior; however, during the Eucharistic prayer when the priest raises the Eucharist and says “Behold the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world...” and we respond with “Lord, I am not worthy that you should enter under my roof, but only say the word and my soul shall be healed” and then proceed to receive the Eucharist and take Jesus into our selves and into our hearts, and that is us accepting Jesus as our savior. As a bonus, this declaration is biblically based (and “I accept Jesus as my personal Lord and Savior” it’s not technically from the Bible). When evangelicals claim that they are Sola Scriptura, they often don’t realize that there are certain aspects of their services which actually aren’t technically biblically based (such as the sinner’s call).
When you are debating theology with people from other Christian denominations, it’s important to speak their language and have biblical sources for your arguments, because that is how they base their own arguments. It’s not only about providing reasons for what you believe, but it’s also about respect. Using biblical references provides a common language and common ground.
“The Bible precedes the church” The church was already established by the time most of the books of the New Testament, it wasn’t a users guide for a church that hadn’t been founded yet.
Our profession that the church is one, holy, catholic and apostolic is biblically-based
The celibate priesthood is biblically-based, Celebrex were well respected in Jesus’s time and are spoken of frequently in Matthews gospel particularly chapter 19. They are seen as “unencumbered as they follow Christ” “celibacy his holy because of the value of what is sacrificed.“
Catholics do not adore or worship Saints because that is strictly for bidden by the Bible in the book of revelations. There is a long history of Christians immediately following Christ death and resurrection of them asking for intercession of Saint such as Peter and Paul.
In the Bible the Greek word that is used for “full of grace” for Mary is a very specific and very rarely used way of saying full of grace. It speaks to how uniquely full of grace and she was and how this was something that was the stowed on her from a past action by God. It is also the only time in scriptures that a angel refers to someone by a title rather than just their name. We ask Mary to intercede for us because it has been shown in the Bible that Jesus listens to his mother’s requests (wedding at Cana). When Sean received Mary as his mother at the foot of the cross at Jesus‘s request, it was representative receiving Mary as a mother to all of us, since we are all Jesus’s “beloved disciples “which is how John refers to himself in the Gospel.
The Catholic mass is extremely biblical. Not only do we read 3 to 4 readings from the Bible every single mass (and read nearly the entirety of the Bible over the course of 3 years if you attend daily mass), but nearly every word in the liturgy is drawn from the Bible. In addition, the vestments the priest wears are drawn from the descriptions of the heavenly worship in Revelations, and the gesture for the sign of the cross is drawn from Revelations as well. The orans position, kneeling, chalices, altars, candles, incense, etc are all drawn from the Bible. Yes, these are rituals, but Jesus institutes rituals in the Bible such as baptism, Eucharist, etc. However; since we’re not making these rituals an end in themselves, they’re not “ritualism”
The Bible is very explicit about the celebration of the Eucharist, how it’s important to do it and about transubstantiation. The priest doesn’t substitute himself for Jesus but rather represents Him and participates in His priesthood.
The papacy: the doctrine of papal infallibility has been around since the first century; it only means that the popes are infallible want to comes to Christian doctrine and morals, not regarding anything else such as politics. In addition, all Christians not just Catholics view writers of the Bible as divinely inspired and infallible, so the idea of receiving divine inspiration/infallibility isn’t something exclusive to Catholics. Even though popes are people called by God to that office, they still have free will and the opportunity to choose between good and evil. Jesus called 12 apostles, knowing that one would betray him because Of free will. The office of the pope was established in the gospels upon Peter by Jesus. Jesus gave Simon the name Cephas; in Aramaic there’s only one word for rock but in Greek there are two words; Petros which means little rock and Petra which means large rock. So people argue that Jesus was referring to Peter when he said “upon this rock I will build my church.” However again there’s only one Aramaic word for rock and that’s The language that Jesus would have spoken, as well as the need to translate Petra to a masculine form when naming Peter.
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Read for the Defense Against the Dark Arts prompt for the 2019 OWLs Readathon