Every time I have read Julio Cortázar, I think that I want to be him when I grow up, or, at this point in my life, I wish that I had been more like him. Cortázar knew so much and could keep it all actively in memory, in the front of his mind, to synthesize, see connections, and be creative. I first read Cortázar as an undergraduate–his revolutionary novel "Hopscotch"(1963) and "End of the Game and Other Stories"(1967)--along with other Latin American writers like Jorge Luis Borges, Juan Rulfo, Jose Donoso, Juan Jose Arreola, and Gabriel García Márquez, he and they changed, or perhaps it would be better to say reinforced, both how I read literature and the literature I read. Thanks to my high school German teacher, I had discovered Franz Kafka and loved his wild narrative experiments. In college, reading the Latin Americans I discovered that Kafka had reach and influence. It was only later that I went back and read the surrealists, dadaists, futurists, and modernists that I filled in the gap between Kafka and the Latin Americans.
North Point Press’s "Around the Day in Eighty Worlds" is the translation from the Spanish originals of the French volume which combined two of Cortázar’s books, "La vuelta al dia en ochenta mundos" (1967) and "Último round" (1969). The collection of works includes short stories but it dominated by essays which are mostly memoir but also deeply theoretical, philosophical, and aesthetic. It reminds me of Macedonio Fernández’s "The Museum of Eterna’s Novel," which is less a novel and more a lengthy series of theoretical prefaces that come before a piece of fiction that is as theoretical as the prefaces. I prefer Cortázar, who is wittier and more eclectic. Macedonio and Borges are Cortázar’s very bookish Argentine predecessors, and Cortázar’s imagination has a much broader cultural palette (art, music, politics).
This book is Cortázar’s celebration of creativity in all the many ways it has impacted his life and not just the literary works he has produced. I prefer the first section of the book, the original "Around the Day in Eighty Worlds," because creativity is a much more dominant and coherent organizational strategy than it is in the second. In 1962, Cortázar published a collection of stories, parables, and aphorisms called "Cronopios and Famas," which is about an imaginary world populated by these two peoples, Cronopios and Famas, as well as a third, the Esperanzas. The Cronopios are the creative types, while the Famas are the rule followers, and the Esperanzas are the hopeful wannabes whom the Famas use as mediators so that they don’t have to deal directly with the anarchic Cronopios. In "Around the Day in Eighty Worlds," Cortázar takes on the persona of Jules Verne’s Phileas Fogg to explore creativity in eighty, or perhaps just a lot of, worlds, but more importantly he looks at creativity through the lens of the Cronopios, Famas, and Esperanzas, strongly favoring the Cronopios and all the avenues of creativity they explore. For example, in his review of Louis Armstrong’s performance in Paris, Cortázar calls Armstrong a Super-Cronopio and the fans who come to see him Cronopios, excited by the creativity that is Louis Armstrong, while the concert organizers are Famas, just trying to make money off all the excitement. Refracting the world through a Cronopio lens, Cortázar reveals just how much creativity there is in the world as well as how much creativity there can be. It’s a very exciting read, and the Cronopio frame gives it some real punch.
The second part of the volume, the pieces from Último round, do not unfortunately benefit from the Cronopial through-theme of the first part and read like a collection of short pieces without the benefit the sly, witty editorial eye brought to the first part of the volume. There are still some excellent essays in the second part, but their cumulative effect isn’t as successful.
Below are short notes from a selection of pieces from both sections of the book.
Translator’s Note: Christensen makes the point that Cortázar is a creative extremist, always pushing the boundaries of creativity to get at something new, “the spark that would make the book into a ball of light in our hands”(xiii).
Section I
“This Is the Way It Begins”: Cortázar begins inspired by Lester Young, whose playing opens him up because it always breaks through to the new. Cortázar’s purpose in this volume is to break through his “fifty years of crustaceous everyday life”(3).
“Summer in the Hills” is an essay about philosophers and cats, particularly his cat Theodor Adorno, and justifications for this Argentine, this Latin American, writing a memoir. “If Robert Graves and Simone de Beauvoir write about themselves, they are greeted with immense respect and deference; but if Carlos Fuentes and I publish our memoirs, everyone will say that we think too much of ourselves. . . . we are timid products of self-censorship and the constant vigilance of friends and critics, so we limit ourselves to writing vicarious memoirs”(9).
“On Feeling Not All There” is a discussion of eccentricity and alienation. For Cortázar, being apart allows him to guide others toward “the strange, the different.” This is not an unhappy state for C.
“Theme for Saint George” is a tale of employment and capitalism. Lopez’s funds are depleted; he returns to the temp agency he uses; he is sent to work at a business, any number of business, where he faces a monster, a different monster at each business. He is the only one who sees the monster, capitalism.
In “On the Sense of the Fantastic,” Cortázar uses his cat Theodor Adorno to explain a theory of the fantastic. Cats see velic points, where fantasy breaks into reality. As a child, Cortázar began life as a staunch realist, but now he believes in the mixing of the fantastic and the real, because his cat–or cats in general–stare at points in space.
“I Could Dance this Chair, Said Isadora” is Cortázar’s take on Adolph Wölfli and creativity. Wölfli was the (mad)man who sublimated his madness into art, an inspiration beyond logic and language. Art is the making of art, simply put. It’s meaning is the thing itself.
In “About Going from Athens to Cape Sounion,” Cortázar develops a theory of memory, which is metaphorically a web made by a spider on hallucinogens (less a web and more of a hole). There are three parts to memory: the event itself, the misremembering of it, the misremembering projected into the future. The essay begins with a reference to Stravinsky’s Petrushka and the faulty memory of the audience and critics at its revival.
“Clifford” is Cortázar’s tribute to Clifford Brown based on the song “I Don’t Have a Ghost of Chance with You.” Cortázar praises Brown’s creativity, because his music transcends whatever anyone might write about or whatever art that is inspired by him. Creativity escapes normality, like Baudelaire’s desire to escape the world through poetry.
“Of Another Bachelor Machine”: Beginning with Duchamp, Cortázar speaks to the design of a reading machine for "Hopscotch."
In “Only a Real Idiot,” Cortázar discusses why he is an idiot, because an idiot must continuously begin again, to be creative again and again.
“Louis, Super-Cronopio” is a fantastical review of Louis Armstrong in Paris, where the people are turned into cronopios, famas, and esperanzas. Louis is the super creative being who attracts all the other creatives but frustrates the rule followers (famas) and would be rule followers (esperanzas). Louis is a Super-Cronopio in the same league as Picasso and Nijinski. He releases ancient creativity.
“Around the Piano with Thelonius Monk” is a review of a 1966 performance of the Monk Quartet in Geneva. Monk is a Phoenician sailing a ship. Monk is the captain of his Pequod. As with Armstrong, Cortázar transforms a present performance into a literary-historical event.
“With Justifiable Pride” is an actual short story, about leaf collection. On Remembrance Day, Nov 2, leaves are collected by using trained mongooses, who collect leaves that have been sprayed with snake essence. The city runs out of snake essence, so the mongooses stop working. A parable of slave labor? More recruits will need to be sent into the forest to collect snakes and snake essence, which is is dangerous work, and many recruits return in coffins. Lesson: humans would rather die than work, society would rather sacrifice a portion of its population to collect a fuel (snake essence) that powers an exploitative mechanism than simply clean up the leaves themselves.
“To Reach Lezama Lima”: A review of the novel "Paradiso," which is more like a defense and reader’s guide. Cortázar is impressed by the extraordinary amount of creativity and imagination present in the novel, comparing it to "Tristram Shandy." He agrees that the novel has editorial problems, but that is a problem with the editors not the novel. I like the way Cortázar talks about his annoyance at the editorial problems: “It annoys me, too, but only the way I would be annoyed by a fly on a Picasso or a scratch from my cat Theodor while I am listening to the music of Xenakis.” Xenakis!
“Season of the Hand” is a short story about a hand visiting the protagonist and the protagonist’s growing obsession with it. The story reminds me of Cortázar’s stories “Axolotl” and “Letter to a Woman in Paris,” both of which are about obsession and its results.
“The Most Profound Caress”: A short story about a man, the protagonist, who slowly sinks into the earth but nobody, not fiancé or family notice, even though he goes to extraordinary means to avoid sinking. But none notices, and he sinks until he disappears. The title references his last touch of his fiancé’s shoe before he completely sinks beneath the sidewalk.
“Melancholy of Luggage”: An essay that begins about a conference on counterfeiting and then turns to jazz, focusing on practice and takes. The best literature is always a take, which occurs after much practice: risk, danger, loss, and engagement.
“Morelliana Forever”: To not look at an artist or artist’s work but to look in the same direction as the artist, “and he learned to see with him into the infinite opening that wants and beckons” Creativity.
“The Chameleon’s Station”: The final chapter of the first book, a summary of Cortázar’s Cronopian philosophy. He focuses on poets, especially Keats, claiming that poet’s/Cronopios are chameleons, contradicting themselves many times daily, “contradictions do not run counter to nature but are preternatural.” He quotes Keats on the poets lack of self, lack of identity. In all the worlds of a day, the Cronopio will feel and act differently. The chameleon/poet/Cronopio writes against or over all the rule followers (Famas), the rule bound Latin Americans.
Section II
“The Witnesses”: Cortázar investigates a fly flying upside down. Obsessive behavior, acted on. Bizarrely wonderful
“On the Short Story and its Environs”: the best short story theory I’ve encountered. Horacio Quiroga: “Tell the story as if it were only of interest to the small circle of your characters, of which you may be one.” Cortázar develops his theory out of Quiroga.
“Advice for Tourists”: Begins with a poem by Gary Snyder. Cortázar visits Calcutta, where he witnesses abject poverty.
“Sylvia” is the story of a gathering of friends, adults and children. The speaker, Fernando, is fascinated with Sylvia, whom only the children seem able to see. She comes and goes as she pleases. She doesn’t seem to belong to anyone. A ghost?
“Your Most Profound Skin”: the smell of pipe tobacco is like Proust’s madeleine and reminds the narrator of the skin of his lover.
“Good Investments”: A man buys a square yard of land on which he can sit in his chaise, read the paper, and eat corn. An oil company buys the square yard, which miraculously produces oil, making the man wealthy. So much for wanting to inhabit an unassuming square yard and indulge in simple pleasures
“The Broken Doll”: A discussion of how "62: A Model Kit" was written, avoiding distractions or not.
“The Entrance into Religion of Theodore W. Adorno”: The story of Cortázar’s cat, whom he only took care of at his summer home. He didn’t take him with him to Paris. Cortázar pays homage to the cat’s independence and appreciates the slow way the cat makes himself at home. But the 8 month gaps clearly damage the cat, so the cat takes up with a Catholic woman and becomes a mouser, from pagan to believer.
“The Journey” the story of an abject failure of memory. A couple want to go to the town of Mercedes by train and are told through which cities (Chaves, Peulco), but when they get to the train station they can’t remember the town names. The sympathetic stationmaster and a boy help with promptings and corrections, and the journey, or the potential journey is reconstructed. The frustrations of nominal aphasia.
“Lunch”: a family that engages in word play, goofing around with names and titles, is funny and well-adjusted.
“Glass with Rose”: A short essay on distraction as a form of creativity. Distraction combines and recombines perceptions to create new perceptions.
“Ecumenics Sine Die”: An argument that the bourgeoisie is a global nation, unified by cultural practices and striped shirts.
“Marcel Duchamp, or Further Adventures Outside of Time”: Cortázar discover a connection between Hopscotch and Duchamp he hadn’t realized. Hanging ropes and Duchamp’s trip to Argentina in 1918.
“To Dress a Shadow”: the difficulty of managing a shadow while dressing
“Regarding the Elimination of Crocodiles from Auvergne”: There are no crocodiles in Auvergne, or people are keeping their presence a secret, despite the mysterious disappearances of children.