One Nation Underground: The Fallout Shelter in American Culture

by Kenneth D. Rose

Why some Americans built fallout shelters―an exploration America's Cold War experience

For the half-century duration of the Cold War, the fallout shelter was a curiously American preoccupation. Triggered in 1961 by a hawkish speech by John F. Kennedy, the fallout shelter controversy―"to dig or not to dig," as Business Week put it at the time―forced many Americans to grapple with deeply disturbing dilemmas that went to the very heart of their self-image about what it meant to be an American, an upstanding citizen, and a moral human being.

Given the much-touted nuclear threat throughout the 1960s and the fact that 4 out of 5 Americans expressed a preference for nuclear war over living under communism, what's perhaps most striking is how few American actually built backyard shelters. Tracing the ways in which the fallout shelter became an icon of popular culture, Kenneth D. Rose also investigates the troubling issues the shelters Would a post-war world even be worth living in? Would shelter construction send the Soviets a message of national resolve, or rather encourage political and military leaders to think in terms of a "winnable" war?


Investigating the role of schools, television, government bureaucracies, civil defense, and literature, and rich in fascinating detail―including a detailed tour of the vast fallout shelter in Greenbriar, Virginia, built to harbor the entire United States Congress in the event of nuclear armageddon― One Nation, Underground goes to the very heart of America's Cold War experience.

Genres: History, Nonfiction, American History, War, Architecture, Grad School, Politics

324 pages, Paperback

First published August 1, 2001

About the author

Kenneth D. Rose teaches history at California State University, Chico.

Reviews

[RebL · Rating 4 out of 5]

I remember seeing, as a small child in the 70s, the basement door at our church with a large black and yellow FALLOUT SHELTER sign over it. I never really understood why, and no one ever talked about it, but *now* I get it. What an interesting book to read! Kind of scholarly, so be warned going in if that's not your cup of tea. I really got a feel for how all-pervasive the Cold War was in the 50s and 60s.
My only quibble is that the font is kind of small, and I would have loved more illustrations.
It will be interesting to see how the politics of our nation changes as the people who grew up under the specter of imminent nuclear destruction age and move out of power.

[Joel · Rating 4 out of 5]

In the interest of full disclosure, I accidentally stole this book from a co-worker several years ago. It initially captured my attention, but inevitably I was pulled away to things more mundane and time-waste-ly.

After probably 5 years of collecting dust on my bookshelf, I came across it the other day and determined to read it.

During the next 6 hours, I found an incredible depiction of a section of American history of which I was sorely unaware.

Rose describes in granular detail the ebb and flow of the national, scientific, personal, and even religious debate surrounding civil defense (more specifically, the provision for fallout shelters) in the ramp up of nuclear tensions between the Unites States and the Soviet state during the Cold War. In this examination, Rose explores the issue from every conceivable angle, including major political debates alongside the popularizing of nuclear terror in science fiction literature and cinema.

Although this work, at times, has the feel of a heavily converted doctoral dissertation, it is, nonetheless, a fascinating unveiling of a curious period in American history, and I am tremendously glad that I finally committed myself to finishing it.

[Heather Clitheroe · Rating 4 out of 5]

An interesting and thorough review of the history of the fallout shelter in the United States...but also a rather good history on the nuclear apocalypse literature - both science fiction and creative non-fiction - of the era. Little mention is made of the proliferation (pun intended) of films that covered the same subject, particularly in the 1980s, though there is a discussion of On the Beach and a limited mention of The Day After. Still, an engaging and well-written text.

[Jason · Rating 4 out of 5]

The 1950s and 1960s were a time in American history when leaders were saying that nuclear war was inevitable. During the Cold War, The USA and the USSR were locked in a struggle to see who could build the most nuclear weapons as a deterrent to military conflict and the government had to come up with a plan for what to do if the Russians dropped an atomic bomb on American soil. One Nation Underground by Kenneth D. Rose examines one aspect of that plan: the building of fallout shelters in preparation for the looming doomsday scenario. This book gives a good portrayal of the cultural forces that made fallout shelters a topic of discussion in mainstream culture and also explains why the fallout shelters never actually took off in popularity.

Rose starts off with a hard look at the 1950s and the Eisenhower administration. The government didn’t want another war but they realized it could happen. Their main plan of prevention was a histrionic posturing, puffing up the illusion that America was more than ready to fight if necessary. In reality, the Civil Defense Agency had no detailed plan of action. They toyed with the idea of mass evacuations from city centers but the logistics of such an undertaking were not inspiring. The idea of educating self-sufficient Americans on how to prepare for nuclear holocaust on their own seemed more plausible. Then in 1961, John F. Kennedy made a speech in Berlin, telling the world that America would use nuclear bombs against the Soviets if they were ever to invade Germany. Paranoia was ratcheted up another notch.

The book takes a more literary turn when Rose begins an analysis of science-fiction novels in the post-apocalypse subgenre. These novels of the late 1950s gave brutal and hopeless scenarios of what life would be like after a nuclear blast. The mainstream news media got in on this too as they published scientifically based stories about the worst-case possibilities of life’s potential for post-atomic immolation survival. Actually, these news articles were more speculative fiction than anything. Rose also looks at studies done by scientists and their literature, mostly in association with the RAND Corporation. Collectively these writings formed a grim cloud of despair that hung over the American mind like a massive horde of vultures just waiting for everyone to die so they can begin their feast.

Other topics covered are urban fallout shelters in public school basements, the marketing and selling of fallout shelters, propaganda films, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the cultural roots of the Survivalist and Militia Movements, and even more about discussions in the U.S. Congress about the efficacy and necessity of home owners building their own private shelters in their basements and back yards. The sales of fallout shelter equipment and materials never progressed the way the government anticipated. Fallout shelters were more of a discussion topic circulating throughout society and less of a reality in the lives of ordinary citizens. Rose gives a plausible, cultural and psychologically based explanation as to why so few were built.

One Nation Underground gives a good portrait of the Cold War, a darkly strange and fascinating period of American history. It is a little too heavy on the politics of the era but overall it does a good job of recreating the cultural atmosphere of those times. Those were bleak and unsettling days, casting an unnerving shadow over the optimistic spirit of American society. Looked at in this way, it is not surprising to see why both the hippie anti-war movement started at the middle of the 1960s and also why the paranoid, right wing extremist movements of more recent years originated in the era of the fallout shelter.

[Reza Amiri Praramadhan · Rating 4 out of 5]

The advent of nuclear era, and with it, the possibility of nuclear war, represents new challenges for America’s civil defense. The revolutionary nature of nuclear weapon, coupled with hard data and evidence of nuclear bomb’s usage, stimulated furious debates among Americans from top to bottom. Fallout shelters were proposed as a solution against the bomb. However, throughout this book, the inadequacy and unpreparedness of national fallout shelter system, the general unwillingness of American public to follow through, accompanied with the quick pace of potentially armageddon-ish events such as Cuban Missile Crisis, rendered Fallout Shelters useless. As an icon of the past, atomic era, many aspects related to fallout shelters are also discussed, such as whether it is right to shoot at your neighbors who pleaded to enter your shelter, and other literatures and films that mushroomed (get it?) from nuclear hysteria. Overall, this book makes for a very informative (and rather depressing) book to read, especially during this time of self-quarantine at home.

[Jeff Rosendahl · Rating 3 out of 5]

Somewhat interesting, although dated (copyright 2001) and often reads too much like a doctoral dissertation. Rose keeps coming back to the same arguments again and again which becomes tedious after a while. I'm a bit confused by the organization also. It seemed as if much of the most relevant and interesting tidbits of information came towards the back of the book rather than the beginning. Certainly, a discussion of how fallout shelters appeared in post-apocalyptic literature of the 1950s and 1960s is worthwhile in a book such as this, but is it more important than a discussion about what types of people were actually buying or building shelters? Perhaps if I had lived in the 50s and 60s this book would have had more meaning to me.

[Shaitanah · Rating 4 out of 5]

Interesting and informative, but it gave me nightmares. XD

[Chris DiPasqua · Rating 4 out of 5]

Started a little slow, but did redeem itself. Solid account of Cold War efforts to create fallout shelters as as well as political ramifications, social, and psychological variables.

[Tara · Rating 4 out of 5]

Insightful and packed with information. For the most part I thought it flowed well from point to point without getting too bogged down.

[Virginia · Rating 4 out of 5]

An in-depth look at an almost-forgotten facet of life during the Cold War. Examines both the impetus for fallout shelter construction and the reasons for the general lack of participation by most Americans. Includes a discussion of the grim ethics of life in a fallout shelter. A great read for history buffs!

[Darin Bradley · Rating 4 out of 5]

Eminently readable and highly informative. Though it wears the attire of a typical academic study, One Nation Underground is considerably less dry without forcing some ill-fitting historiography. Excellent look at the under-reported civil defense race during the Cold War and beyond.