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The Mind of the Maker: Dorothy L. Sayers' Witty Classic on the Trinity, Christianity, and Human Creativity
This classic, with a new introduction by Madeleine L'Engle, is by turns an entrancing meditation on language; a piercing commentary on the nature of art and why so much of what we read, hear, and see falls short; and a brilliant examination of the fundamental tenets of Christianity.
The Mind of the Maker will be relished by those already in love with Dorothy L. Sayers and those who have not yet met her. A mystery writer, a witty and perceptive theologian, culture critic, and playwright, Dorothy Sayers sheds new, unexpected light on a specific set of statements made in the Christian creeds. She examines anew such ideas as the image of God, the Trinity, free will, and evil. In these pages a wholly revitalized understanding of them emerges. The author finds the key in the parallels between the creation of God and the human creative process. She continually refers to each in a way that illuminates both.
The Mind of the Maker will be relished by those already in love with Dorothy L. Sayers and those who have not yet met her. A mystery writer, a witty and perceptive theologian, culture critic, and playwright, Dorothy Sayers sheds new, unexpected light on a specific set of statements made in the Christian creeds. She examines anew such ideas as the image of God, the Trinity, free will, and evil. In these pages a wholly revitalized understanding of them emerges. The author finds the key in the parallels between the creation of God and the human creative process. She continually refers to each in a way that illuminates both.
229 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 1941
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About the author
Dorothy L. Sayers
703 books2,985 followersThe detective stories of well-known British writer Dorothy Leigh Sayers mostly feature the amateur investigator Lord Peter Wimsey; she also translated the
Divine Comedy
of Dante Alighieri.
This renowned author and Christian humanist studied classical and modern languages.
Her best known mysteries, a series of short novels, set between World War I and World War II, feature an English aristocrat and amateur sleuth. She is also known for her plays and essays.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy...
This renowned author and Christian humanist studied classical and modern languages.
Her best known mysteries, a series of short novels, set between World War I and World War II, feature an English aristocrat and amateur sleuth. She is also known for her plays and essays.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy...
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October 2, 2024
2024 Review
I challenged myself in 2024 to re-read the books that impacted me most in my 20s.
Despite my glowing earlier review, I never returned to this book. It mostly remained in my mind as something unintelligible, a confusing look at the Trinity that was very nice to read once but thank goodness that was over.
But I did I ever miss out by maintaining that attitude!
This really is a book about creativity and the creative process much more than it is about the Trinity. Sayers tackles the theological grounds for "God the Creator," particularly comparing it to the analogical way we would say "God the Father."
This made a solid audio book and a thought provoking re-read.
2016 Review
I've waffled back and forth between four and five stars for this one. I love Sayers's writing and her approach to the Trinity intrigued me. Even better, not only did I learn about a theological concept, I got to learn more about the writing and creative process. I was forced to think more deeply about what it means to be made in the image of God and I love that Sayers tackles our "analogy" of God as a Creator. Very interesting and thought provoking.
There were some really fabulous quotes and observations in this book as well. This certainly will get multiple re-reads down the road.
Why the hesitation then? Well, at the risk of sounding somewhat dense, I sometimes found her hard to follow. In theory I understood the concept of the Creative Idea, the Creative Energy, and the Creative Power well enough, but I still had to go back several times to make sure I followed her correctly. Also, sometimes I found I could only agree with her so far. Or perhaps I should say, I could only follow her so far with the limited definitions she provides. For example, her critique of capitalism was a fair one and I agree that often creativity is sacrificed for productivity. But what is the alternative? Not making Christmas ornaments? I was confused by what she meant by artists...if we all have creativity, why are there some more clearly designated as "creators"? I would have preferred some more explanation. The capitalism critique/creativity problem stuck out in my mind because that is an area I give a lot of thought. It was one of several, though, where I was left wondering how far she would go.
Still, an excellent read. I highly recommend it, especially for writers.
I challenged myself in 2024 to re-read the books that impacted me most in my 20s.
Despite my glowing earlier review, I never returned to this book. It mostly remained in my mind as something unintelligible, a confusing look at the Trinity that was very nice to read once but thank goodness that was over.
But I did I ever miss out by maintaining that attitude!
This really is a book about creativity and the creative process much more than it is about the Trinity. Sayers tackles the theological grounds for "God the Creator," particularly comparing it to the analogical way we would say "God the Father."
This made a solid audio book and a thought provoking re-read.
2016 Review
I've waffled back and forth between four and five stars for this one. I love Sayers's writing and her approach to the Trinity intrigued me. Even better, not only did I learn about a theological concept, I got to learn more about the writing and creative process. I was forced to think more deeply about what it means to be made in the image of God and I love that Sayers tackles our "analogy" of God as a Creator. Very interesting and thought provoking.
There were some really fabulous quotes and observations in this book as well. This certainly will get multiple re-reads down the road.
Why the hesitation then? Well, at the risk of sounding somewhat dense, I sometimes found her hard to follow. In theory I understood the concept of the Creative Idea, the Creative Energy, and the Creative Power well enough, but I still had to go back several times to make sure I followed her correctly. Also, sometimes I found I could only agree with her so far. Or perhaps I should say, I could only follow her so far with the limited definitions she provides. For example, her critique of capitalism was a fair one and I agree that often creativity is sacrificed for productivity. But what is the alternative? Not making Christmas ornaments? I was confused by what she meant by artists...if we all have creativity, why are there some more clearly designated as "creators"? I would have preferred some more explanation. The capitalism critique/creativity problem stuck out in my mind because that is an area I give a lot of thought. It was one of several, though, where I was left wondering how far she would go.
Still, an excellent read. I highly recommend it, especially for writers.
June 2, 2017
I've always wanted to read Dorothy Sayers, so I finally did. This was an interesting book. Some of her observations are brilliant. She talks about how people think God is mysterious and argues, basically, that everything is mysterious. Her main point is that we see the Trinity echoed in how humans create. A writer or artist has an idea in her head, then puts this idea on paper and then this piece of art is received by someone else. In some way this images the Christian view of Trinity. Personally, I find this analogy much more helpful then others I've read. I recall seeing people talking about how the science of quantum physics is showing relationship as the core of the universe and maybe that's true. But most people don't get quantum physics. We get writing and authors and creativity.
All that said, I started to lose interest in this book. Perhaps it was that a lot of her examples of writers were people in her day who I am not familiar with. Maybe it was that the literary criticism did not interest me as much as the theology. Or maybe I was just a poor reader and once I got the gist of the book I was ready to move on (I think of that CS Lewis book I just read). Overall, its a good book with lots of thoughtful observations, even if it does get to be a bit tedious.
All that said, I started to lose interest in this book. Perhaps it was that a lot of her examples of writers were people in her day who I am not familiar with. Maybe it was that the literary criticism did not interest me as much as the theology. Or maybe I was just a poor reader and once I got the gist of the book I was ready to move on (I think of that CS Lewis book I just read). Overall, its a good book with lots of thoughtful observations, even if it does get to be a bit tedious.
September 13, 2018
I finally read it! I'm not sure how much of it sank into my sleep-deprived brain, but the bits I remember were excellent. Sayers thinks of the craft of writing much the same way I have for years, but far more systematically and in far greater depth.
January 18, 2021
Every maker, creator, and author should read this book. It’s central to my thesis and I wish I would have read it ten years ago but I’m glad I did now:
Every act of creation comes out of the person of the author and none of them alone or any of their parts shows the author’s psychology and biography. But rather as a whole they make up the daily weather of the mind and illumine a sort of interior memoir: the ideas that mattered to the person rather than the events and people. We create in three personas:
IDEA: the flash of inspiration, the end (or purpose) in the beginning, the whole cloth endowment of a concept, the very What-If moment
ENERGY: the hard work of thinking through, writing, revising, editing, producing, selling, distributing the work
POWER: the capacity to receive back what was given from the audience through their creation of ephemera, their criticism, and the generative power of your work to inspire their work
Everything we make does that. It takes a mental science and makes it an art.
Every act of creation comes out of the person of the author and none of them alone or any of their parts shows the author’s psychology and biography. But rather as a whole they make up the daily weather of the mind and illumine a sort of interior memoir: the ideas that mattered to the person rather than the events and people. We create in three personas:
IDEA: the flash of inspiration, the end (or purpose) in the beginning, the whole cloth endowment of a concept, the very What-If moment
ENERGY: the hard work of thinking through, writing, revising, editing, producing, selling, distributing the work
POWER: the capacity to receive back what was given from the audience through their creation of ephemera, their criticism, and the generative power of your work to inspire their work
Everything we make does that. It takes a mental science and makes it an art.
January 21, 2024
Phew. This was a challenge and I'm quite certain I'll reread it many more times for more depth and understanding. It started out accessibly enough but dove very very deep and I felt like I needed to merely tread water and get what I could. I'm sure I'll continue to dwell on the ideas I was able to grab ahold of.
What does it mean to be an image of the creator and to create within his domain? To be a true sub-creator? Her trinity (lower case t on purpose) of creation - idea, embodiment, power - following in Trinitarian pattern is an idea worth contemplation.
What does it mean to be an image of the creator and to create within his domain? To be a true sub-creator? Her trinity (lower case t on purpose) of creation - idea, embodiment, power - following in Trinitarian pattern is an idea worth contemplation.
December 25, 2024
Another book that I know is far better than my ability to understand it with only one reading. Sayers has quite an eye for noticing the connections between Christianity and creativity.
January 6, 2024
The mind of the maker is generally revealed,
and in a manner incarnate,
in all its creation.
By 4 stars ("I really liked it") I mean I really liked the parts I understood.
I loved DLS's dry and snarky humor. Especially in conversations when she includes, in italics, what she was thinking. Hilarious!
The book is deep; I think it was the most challenging book I read in 2023. Occasionally I would get a glimpse of her point, but like the straggler on a hike who periodically sees her friends disappearing around a curve in the distance, she was often beyond me.
The Scalene Trinities chapter was a concept that I got a loose fingerhold on.
What a brilliant mind!!
and in a manner incarnate,
in all its creation.
By 4 stars ("I really liked it") I mean I really liked the parts I understood.
I loved DLS's dry and snarky humor. Especially in conversations when she includes, in italics, what she was thinking. Hilarious!
The book is deep; I think it was the most challenging book I read in 2023. Occasionally I would get a glimpse of her point, but like the straggler on a hike who periodically sees her friends disappearing around a curve in the distance, she was often beyond me.
The Scalene Trinities chapter was a concept that I got a loose fingerhold on.
What a brilliant mind!!
September 21, 2025
I am deeply moved by this book.
Sayer’s way of taking the dense and contextually loaded Trinitarian doctrine of the creeds and working it out in both the abstract nature of art and in the pragmatics of economy touched two significant areas of my life.
I also found her remarks on the insolubility of reality helpful (as helpful as a mystery can be) toward recentering the eternal Trinity in my life and reflections.
While I can hardly fault Sayers for not writing more, I would love to know what she thinks of the relationship between the empirical sciences and the Protestant Christian faith.
One of my favorites in a while.
Sayer’s way of taking the dense and contextually loaded Trinitarian doctrine of the creeds and working it out in both the abstract nature of art and in the pragmatics of economy touched two significant areas of my life.
I also found her remarks on the insolubility of reality helpful (as helpful as a mystery can be) toward recentering the eternal Trinity in my life and reflections.
While I can hardly fault Sayers for not writing more, I would love to know what she thinks of the relationship between the empirical sciences and the Protestant Christian faith.
One of my favorites in a while.
March 15, 2019
The author's preface is fantastic and so very relevant for our modern wars — first published in 1941!
Sadly I rushed through this one, so I feel that much of it went over my head.
The writing had good stuff in it, but it didn’t knock me out of the park. While Sayers’s meandering train of thought is good, I couldn’t always see the point behind it. I’ll need to revisit portions of this someday.
The postscript is a treatise against socialism, oddly enough.
Very glad I own this one so that I can go back to it. Thank you, Amy!
Sadly I rushed through this one, so I feel that much of it went over my head.
The writing had good stuff in it, but it didn’t knock me out of the park. While Sayers’s meandering train of thought is good, I couldn’t always see the point behind it. I’ll need to revisit portions of this someday.
The postscript is a treatise against socialism, oddly enough.
Very glad I own this one so that I can go back to it. Thank you, Amy!
February 4, 2017
It's really amazing how Sayers makes us understand certain mysterious aspects of God through examining the creative process of the artist's mind. I was able to identify with much of what Sayers says about writers, which was exciting (and ennobling!). There were such gems: "as an artist, he retains so much of the image of God that he is in love with his creation for its own sake."
I also really enjoyed her statements about what makes a book or play into a well-written work of art, such as: "if the characters and the situation are rightly conceived together, as integral parts of the same unity, then there will be no need to force them to the right solution of that situation." This has to do with a story following "natural law," which God has put into His creation.
You have to focus when you're reading this book . . . I need to re-read it in the near future, in fact, to make sure I've actually apprehended it all. The last few chapters discussed some issues I wasn't expecting (such as how we can use the maker's mindset in approaching real life), which to be honest, disappointed me a little because all I wanted was more insights into how the writer's mind mirrors God's. :) But that's my problem, not the book's. I think I was getting a little bogged down by the end, too.
All in all, The Mind of the Maker is a fascinating and eye-opening examination of language, art, and theology that deserves to be savored.
I also really enjoyed her statements about what makes a book or play into a well-written work of art, such as: "if the characters and the situation are rightly conceived together, as integral parts of the same unity, then there will be no need to force them to the right solution of that situation." This has to do with a story following "natural law," which God has put into His creation.
You have to focus when you're reading this book . . . I need to re-read it in the near future, in fact, to make sure I've actually apprehended it all. The last few chapters discussed some issues I wasn't expecting (such as how we can use the maker's mindset in approaching real life), which to be honest, disappointed me a little because all I wanted was more insights into how the writer's mind mirrors God's. :) But that's my problem, not the book's. I think I was getting a little bogged down by the end, too.
All in all, The Mind of the Maker is a fascinating and eye-opening examination of language, art, and theology that deserves to be savored.
November 30, 2021
Sayers, Dorothy. The Mind of the Maker.
Sayer argues that the laws of creative imagination are analogues of the Trinity. Or to say it another way, there is a Trinitarian structure in the mind of man. This is also mirrored in the writing of a book:
Book as Thought (Idea).
Book as Written (Energy or Word; she is on better ground when she calls it the “form” of the thought. That at least echoes what St Hilary said).
Book as Read
While she has a fascinating number of insights, this book, rather ironically, suffers from a lack of unity. It is almost as if there were two books. One is a theological and trinitarian reflection on the nature of thought and mind. That book is quite good. The other book is a sub-conscious literary criticism of then-current England.
A word on the analogies. She is not saying that the Trinity is like....x. Rather, she is saying x mirrors (in some limited, analogical way) the Trinity. That is not heretical. Augustine said the same thing.
The Image of God
“The characteristic common to God and man is apparently that: the desire and ability to make things” (22). Sayers is quick to point out that this is metaphorical and analogical: we can’t make things out of nothing. And then she gives a meditation on what analogical language is.
It is not that both God and man make things that they are similar. The very structure of thought and imagination are not limited by finite material. I have to destroy a tree to make a wooden table. Yet, Shakespeare, in order to create Falstaff, doesn’t have to kill Hamlet (29). Sayers writes, “The components of the material world are fixed; those of the world of the imagination increase by a continuous and irreversible process.”
Idea, Energy, Power
We see Trinitarian patterns in creation. There is a trinity in sight: the form seen, the act of vision, and the mental attention which correlates the two (36). Every thought is a trinity of memory, understanding, and will.
Creative Idea--beholding the whole complete work at once
Creative Energy (activity).
Creative Power
When I form the Idea in my mind, the forming of the idea is itself not the Idea. It is the self-awareness in Energy (38).
Sayers has a fun chapter on Scalene Trinities, in which she points out imbalances in authors.
Criticism:
I think her analogy (Idea/Energy/Power) is wobbly. It is confusing for those of us who have studied the Christological controversies. For example, for Sayers "energy" and "Power" refer to the Son and Spirit, respectively. But in Greek the terms are roughly synonymous. And after Paul in 1 Corinthians, few Christians used them exclusively of the Trinitarian persons, since "power" referred more to capacity than divine person.
Sayer argues that the laws of creative imagination are analogues of the Trinity. Or to say it another way, there is a Trinitarian structure in the mind of man. This is also mirrored in the writing of a book:
Book as Thought (Idea).
Book as Written (Energy or Word; she is on better ground when she calls it the “form” of the thought. That at least echoes what St Hilary said).
Book as Read
While she has a fascinating number of insights, this book, rather ironically, suffers from a lack of unity. It is almost as if there were two books. One is a theological and trinitarian reflection on the nature of thought and mind. That book is quite good. The other book is a sub-conscious literary criticism of then-current England.
A word on the analogies. She is not saying that the Trinity is like....x. Rather, she is saying x mirrors (in some limited, analogical way) the Trinity. That is not heretical. Augustine said the same thing.
The Image of God
“The characteristic common to God and man is apparently that: the desire and ability to make things” (22). Sayers is quick to point out that this is metaphorical and analogical: we can’t make things out of nothing. And then she gives a meditation on what analogical language is.
It is not that both God and man make things that they are similar. The very structure of thought and imagination are not limited by finite material. I have to destroy a tree to make a wooden table. Yet, Shakespeare, in order to create Falstaff, doesn’t have to kill Hamlet (29). Sayers writes, “The components of the material world are fixed; those of the world of the imagination increase by a continuous and irreversible process.”
Idea, Energy, Power
We see Trinitarian patterns in creation. There is a trinity in sight: the form seen, the act of vision, and the mental attention which correlates the two (36). Every thought is a trinity of memory, understanding, and will.
Creative Idea--beholding the whole complete work at once
Creative Energy (activity).
Creative Power
When I form the Idea in my mind, the forming of the idea is itself not the Idea. It is the self-awareness in Energy (38).
Sayers has a fun chapter on Scalene Trinities, in which she points out imbalances in authors.
Criticism:
I think her analogy (Idea/Energy/Power) is wobbly. It is confusing for those of us who have studied the Christological controversies. For example, for Sayers "energy" and "Power" refer to the Son and Spirit, respectively. But in Greek the terms are roughly synonymous. And after Paul in 1 Corinthians, few Christians used them exclusively of the Trinitarian persons, since "power" referred more to capacity than divine person.
abandoned
September 30, 2016I'm a huge fan of the Lord Peter books and her essay "Are Women Human?" was really interesting - so I figured I'd give this a try despite not being the least bit religious.
She starts off in her intro with griping about the reading comprehension skills of those who disagreed with her previous essay - stating that it was not a matter of opinion, it was a statement of doctrine. It feels a bit like entering an argument en media res, but that's not so uncommon in intros.
In the beginning of the second chapter, she talks about the commandment about making and/or worshiping graven images. She then begins to equate the "graven images" of the commandment with verbal and mental imaginings.
I know almost nothing about her bible but even I know that that particular verse, in context, is talking about making idols for the purposes of worship - which was a common practice in the days that Exodus was written. It doesn't mean that you can't imagine him in your head. It's saying you can't carve a statue of god and pray to it.
And what's frustrating is that she brings that sort of flaw into a pointless topic - the only thing she's using that quote to discuss is the idea that we cannot resemble the Judaeo-christian god physically. It has nothing at all to do with her premise that the main anthropomorphic feature of her god is creativity.
I probably ought to carry on with my reading - I haven't even gotten to the meat of her argument yet (which is apparently drawing parallels between the Holy Trinity and the creative writing process) but this book was a long shot of a book to begin with and if she's going to make these sorts of fallacious comparisons while prefacing them with griping about how people don't read her essays carefully enough - well... I guess mischievous nonsense about cats written by irresponsible writers is probably more to my tastes.
She starts off in her intro with griping about the reading comprehension skills of those who disagreed with her previous essay - stating that it was not a matter of opinion, it was a statement of doctrine. It feels a bit like entering an argument en media res, but that's not so uncommon in intros.
In the beginning of the second chapter, she talks about the commandment about making and/or worshiping graven images. She then begins to equate the "graven images" of the commandment with verbal and mental imaginings.
I know almost nothing about her bible but even I know that that particular verse, in context, is talking about making idols for the purposes of worship - which was a common practice in the days that Exodus was written. It doesn't mean that you can't imagine him in your head. It's saying you can't carve a statue of god and pray to it.
And what's frustrating is that she brings that sort of flaw into a pointless topic - the only thing she's using that quote to discuss is the idea that we cannot resemble the Judaeo-christian god physically. It has nothing at all to do with her premise that the main anthropomorphic feature of her god is creativity.
I probably ought to carry on with my reading - I haven't even gotten to the meat of her argument yet (which is apparently drawing parallels between the Holy Trinity and the creative writing process) but this book was a long shot of a book to begin with and if she's going to make these sorts of fallacious comparisons while prefacing them with griping about how people don't read her essays carefully enough - well... I guess mischievous nonsense about cats written by irresponsible writers is probably more to my tastes.
October 20, 2012
What is godlike in ourselves? Sayers conveys her thoughts as to how humans are made "in the image of God." She explains that the first thing we are told about God (through His Word) is that "God created...." and artists also "create..." We are most like our God when we exhibit his love and our work in a “finite” yet glorious way while we create something -- whether it is a story, a song, a painting, a sculpture, a photo, or dance.
Her theory that humans are each a trinity unto ourselves when we are in the process of creating art. The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit correspond to what Sayers calls the Idea, Energy, and Power. For a writer, the Idea is the book as he first imagines it; the Energy is the book as actually written; the Power is the impression it makes in the mind of each reader. The analogy applies equally well to all art forms.
Great book for any Christian whose mind values a guide to human creativity. Like the bible, this book is something to meditate on.
Her theory that humans are each a trinity unto ourselves when we are in the process of creating art. The Father, Son, and Holy Spirit correspond to what Sayers calls the Idea, Energy, and Power. For a writer, the Idea is the book as he first imagines it; the Energy is the book as actually written; the Power is the impression it makes in the mind of each reader. The analogy applies equally well to all art forms.
Great book for any Christian whose mind values a guide to human creativity. Like the bible, this book is something to meditate on.
August 2, 2024
reread august 2024
Holds up, most assuredly.
This is the book that first made me okay with thinking about the Trinity without developing a raging headache and the threat of uncomprehending tears within the first ten seconds. (Was I a dramatic child? Possibly. But I wanted to understand and I could not.)
The insights into writing, creativity, how Christians should think about work, the "scalene trinities" that cause weaknesses in the work, and everything else she throws in are lovely and, moreover, practically useful (for me at least).
It's...not life-changing, but also it kind of was? For me? And the dry humor is next-level, y'all, I'm just saying.
Holds up, most assuredly.
This is the book that first made me okay with thinking about the Trinity without developing a raging headache and the threat of uncomprehending tears within the first ten seconds. (Was I a dramatic child? Possibly. But I wanted to understand and I could not.)
The insights into writing, creativity, how Christians should think about work, the "scalene trinities" that cause weaknesses in the work, and everything else she throws in are lovely and, moreover, practically useful (for me at least).
It's...not life-changing, but also it kind of was? For me? And the dry humor is next-level, y'all, I'm just saying.
February 22, 2023
AmblesideOnline year 11 devotional read. I really liked a lot of this. I do think her analogy breaks down eventually (as most analogies do). It’s also one that I’m already looking forward to re-reading because I think I’ll understand a lot more the 2nd time around. Overall, it’s definitely worth a read.
“ kindness, nearly as such, cares not whether its object becomes good or bad, provided only that it escapes suffering… It is for people who we care nothing about, that we demand happiness on any terms: with our friends, lovers, our children, we are exacting, and would rather see them suffer much and be happy in contemptible, and estranging modes.” (C.s. Lewis as quoted in The Mind of the Maker)
“ kindness, nearly as such, cares not whether its object becomes good or bad, provided only that it escapes suffering… It is for people who we care nothing about, that we demand happiness on any terms: with our friends, lovers, our children, we are exacting, and would rather see them suffer much and be happy in contemptible, and estranging modes.” (C.s. Lewis as quoted in The Mind of the Maker)
November 20, 2016
Sayers' analogy from the artist/writer and his work of art to God and his creation is brilliant, and I love the way that she draws it out. I disagreed with many of her conclusions since she took it from a more Arminian stance, but that's a minor gripe. Her illustrations confused me at times, and I didn't quite grasp the Idea-Energy-Form analogue she was trying to draw to the Trinity in the mind of the writer, but some of my difficulties with different parts of the book may have been because I was reading this for a college class and thus was rather rushed at points. Probably need to pick this book up again at some point.
Rating: 4.0 Stars (Very Good).
Rating: 4.0 Stars (Very Good).
June 2, 2021
I'm not sure what I was expecting, but was taken aback by how theologically and philosophically dense this little book is. I consider myself an above average reader and thinker, but Sayers presents some difficult ideas, often couched in confusing language: An example from Chapter 11
"Now, when Isaac Newton observed a certain relationship and likeness between the behavior of the falling apple and that of the circling planets, it might be said with equal plausibility either that he argued by analogy from the apple to the theory of astronomy, or that while evolving a theory of astronomical mathematics he suddenly perceived its application to the apple. But it would scarcely be exact to say that in the former case, he absurdly supposed the planets to be but apples of a larger growth, with pips in them; or that, in the latter case, he had spun out a purely abstract piece of isolated cerebration which, oddly enough, turned out to be true about apples, though the movements of the planets themselves had no existence outside Newton's mathematics."
I don't blame Sayers for my lack of understanding. Maybe my 60-year old brain isn't as malleable as it used to be. I've heard this book quoted by a speaker I admire, so I'm glad I finished it; I will definitely be mulling over several passages that I marked.
"Now, when Isaac Newton observed a certain relationship and likeness between the behavior of the falling apple and that of the circling planets, it might be said with equal plausibility either that he argued by analogy from the apple to the theory of astronomy, or that while evolving a theory of astronomical mathematics he suddenly perceived its application to the apple. But it would scarcely be exact to say that in the former case, he absurdly supposed the planets to be but apples of a larger growth, with pips in them; or that, in the latter case, he had spun out a purely abstract piece of isolated cerebration which, oddly enough, turned out to be true about apples, though the movements of the planets themselves had no existence outside Newton's mathematics."
I don't blame Sayers for my lack of understanding. Maybe my 60-year old brain isn't as malleable as it used to be. I've heard this book quoted by a speaker I admire, so I'm glad I finished it; I will definitely be mulling over several passages that I marked.
September 22, 2025
3.5
I still love Dorothy Sayers- I’m just not so sure I fully comprehend what I just read
I still love Dorothy Sayers- I’m just not so sure I fully comprehend what I just read
February 9, 2022
While this wasn’t the most fun book to read (it was pretty dense), I really enjoyed the discussions we had in class. It helped me view creativity and art in a different way, and I think every writer should read it at some point.
September 9, 2024
Lots to think about here.
October 7, 2018
You know that stereotypical breakup line – it’s not you, it’s me? I feel like I might owe that to Ms. Sayers.
I can think of no one to whom I would recommend this book. Sayers’ ideas are dense and heady and full of literary allusions that often were lost on me (not to mention the significant number of words I didn’t know). When I understood her, I found her interesting and insightful and even funny. But the simple fact is I couldn’t understand or follow her an unfortunate amount of the time.
The premise of this book is that understanding God as Creator informs our own creative work. And, conversely, that understanding human creativity helps us understand the nature and work of our triune Creator Father.
Sayers was an author and playwright and theologian who counted C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien among her acquaintances. That heady introduction made me so hopeful for this book. Sayers uses comparisons to her craft to attempt to unravel some theological mysteries about God. And in many ways her ideas resonate.
“To complain that man measures God by his own experience is a waste of time,” she writes. “Man measures everything by his own experience; he has no other yardstick.” She points to the analogies used in Scripture to help us understand our relationship to Him, concepts such as king and father – these are not heavenly relationships but earthly ones, ones to which we can relate.
She tackles one of my pet peeves in her chapter on the difference between a creator and his creation: the idea that an author must love and be everything that his characters love and are.
“Well-meaning readers who try to identify the writer with his characters or to excavate the author’s personality and opinions from his books are frequently astonished by the ferocious rudeness with which the author himself salutes these efforts …” And then she recounts a social event at which someone offered her brandy.
“I know you adore old brandy.”
“What makes you think so?”
“Oh, I have read your books: I know Lord Peter is a great connoisseur of old brandy.”
“He is; that’s needn’t mean that I am.”
“Oh! I thought you must be, as he is.”
“What on earth have my tastes to do with his?”
Even when I lost my way in the words, I could see the shadows of wisdom, as in her chapter about the trinity. “The vital power of an imaginative work demands a diversity within its unity; and the stronger the diversity, the more massive the unity. Incidentally, this is the weakness of most ‘edifying’ or ‘propaganda’ literature. There is no diversity. … A creative work in which all the characters automatically reproduce a single aspect of the writer’s mind is a work lacking in creative power.”
Sayers’ sharp humor was a pleasant surprise throughout. I loved this footnote, related to “right” and “wrong” words and her suggestion that their rightness and wrongness is related to where and how they are used, not to the words themselves. “Always excepting, of course, words like ‘sportsdrome’ and ‘normalcy,’ which are so steeped in sin that no place is ‘right’ for them, except Hell, or a Dictionary of Barbarisms.” The book’s Appendix has this parenthetical subtitle: “for handy reference.”
And I truly enjoyed the last chapter. Maybe I had finally absorbed enough of her ideas to make simpler sense of it – or maybe its beautiful conclusion just resonates more easily. Sayers talks about how the inherent creativity of human nature applies even in pursuits that are not creative in a purely artistic sense.
She suggests problems should be dealt with in a creative way versus a mathematical way, “not expecting to ‘solve’ them by a detective trick, but to ‘make something of them,’ even when they are, strictly speaking, insoluble.” Writing in the days just before World War II, she points to the failed pursuit of peace that was World War I. “Last time we failed to achieve this end – and why? Chiefly because we supposed it to be achievable. Because we looked at peace and security as a problem to be solved and not as a work to be made.���
I feel bad for not wholeheartedly loving this book. It’s probably not you, Ms. Sayers. It’s me.
I can think of no one to whom I would recommend this book. Sayers’ ideas are dense and heady and full of literary allusions that often were lost on me (not to mention the significant number of words I didn’t know). When I understood her, I found her interesting and insightful and even funny. But the simple fact is I couldn’t understand or follow her an unfortunate amount of the time.
The premise of this book is that understanding God as Creator informs our own creative work. And, conversely, that understanding human creativity helps us understand the nature and work of our triune Creator Father.
Sayers was an author and playwright and theologian who counted C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien among her acquaintances. That heady introduction made me so hopeful for this book. Sayers uses comparisons to her craft to attempt to unravel some theological mysteries about God. And in many ways her ideas resonate.
“To complain that man measures God by his own experience is a waste of time,” she writes. “Man measures everything by his own experience; he has no other yardstick.” She points to the analogies used in Scripture to help us understand our relationship to Him, concepts such as king and father – these are not heavenly relationships but earthly ones, ones to which we can relate.
She tackles one of my pet peeves in her chapter on the difference between a creator and his creation: the idea that an author must love and be everything that his characters love and are.
“Well-meaning readers who try to identify the writer with his characters or to excavate the author’s personality and opinions from his books are frequently astonished by the ferocious rudeness with which the author himself salutes these efforts …” And then she recounts a social event at which someone offered her brandy.
“I know you adore old brandy.”
“What makes you think so?”
“Oh, I have read your books: I know Lord Peter is a great connoisseur of old brandy.”
“He is; that’s needn’t mean that I am.”
“Oh! I thought you must be, as he is.”
“What on earth have my tastes to do with his?”
Even when I lost my way in the words, I could see the shadows of wisdom, as in her chapter about the trinity. “The vital power of an imaginative work demands a diversity within its unity; and the stronger the diversity, the more massive the unity. Incidentally, this is the weakness of most ‘edifying’ or ‘propaganda’ literature. There is no diversity. … A creative work in which all the characters automatically reproduce a single aspect of the writer’s mind is a work lacking in creative power.”
Sayers’ sharp humor was a pleasant surprise throughout. I loved this footnote, related to “right” and “wrong” words and her suggestion that their rightness and wrongness is related to where and how they are used, not to the words themselves. “Always excepting, of course, words like ‘sportsdrome’ and ‘normalcy,’ which are so steeped in sin that no place is ‘right’ for them, except Hell, or a Dictionary of Barbarisms.” The book’s Appendix has this parenthetical subtitle: “for handy reference.”
And I truly enjoyed the last chapter. Maybe I had finally absorbed enough of her ideas to make simpler sense of it – or maybe its beautiful conclusion just resonates more easily. Sayers talks about how the inherent creativity of human nature applies even in pursuits that are not creative in a purely artistic sense.
She suggests problems should be dealt with in a creative way versus a mathematical way, “not expecting to ‘solve’ them by a detective trick, but to ‘make something of them,’ even when they are, strictly speaking, insoluble.” Writing in the days just before World War II, she points to the failed pursuit of peace that was World War I. “Last time we failed to achieve this end – and why? Chiefly because we supposed it to be achievable. Because we looked at peace and security as a problem to be solved and not as a work to be made.���
I feel bad for not wholeheartedly loving this book. It’s probably not you, Ms. Sayers. It’s me.
August 16, 2024
3 1/2 stars. I don't like Sayers as much as Lewis and Chesterton, but I must admit that this is quite a startlingly original book. She clearly invested a lot of time and thought in this theory, and overall I mostly consider it to be a success. My main complaints are actually not with her ideas but with her rather jumpy style, in which she clearly tries to be Chestertonian but lacks his stellar wit and sparkle. I usually get sucked into well-written books even if the content is dense, but I never felt truly engaged here, mainly due to the vagueness of many of her thoughts and her assumption that she came off a lot clearer than she did. I recommend reading individual chapters of this instead, some of which are definitely better than others. I liked the chapter on "Scalene Trinities" the best; it's a sort of alternate interpretation of Bacon's idols of the mind in Novum Organum. Other highlights were her concluding discussion on the modern tendency to see the world as a problem to be solved, while the classical Christian perspective says that we can harness God's image in us to help redeem creation; as well as her chapter on the nature of evil (not completely agreed, but a fascinating and valid take), and her wonderfully spirited reconciliation of free will and predestination.
However, although I completely agree with her passion to elucidate the analogical relationships between Christians dogma and experience, I'm just not sure that I'm ultimately on board with her Trinitarian analogy— not necessarily in substance but in her belief that it is the essence of art. For me, it is but one helpful way of looking at. It is here where a Protestant critique of "man-centeredness" would be helpful: God's image is seen in us because He values us and allows us to shape the world through a unique type of creativity that is quite different than God's own. Wolterstorff has a great critique of Sayers in Art in Action, accusing her of relegating the creative function only to aesthetic contemplation. I'm still wrapping my head around that. Finally, I wish she would have spent more time discussing the moral and metaphysical purpose of art rather than just talking about the process of creation and form criticism. She rarely talks about art as a medium for encountering transcendent truth, beauty, and goodness; preferring to see its value in mechanics rather than content (interestingly enough, this is the exact same problem I have with The Lost Tools of Learning). What if an artist has an authentic "Idea," carries it forth with proper "Energy," and is inspired by a dynamic "Power," but the result is ugly and immoral? Would she say that the artist had a fault in his trinity, or do these considerations lie in a different domain for her? Those are some pretty nit-picky quibbles, though. It's a very worthwhile read, especially for those with artistic vocations. Just be prepared to be confused at several points; and if you want the best of it, read the last two long chapters and postscript.
However, although I completely agree with her passion to elucidate the analogical relationships between Christians dogma and experience, I'm just not sure that I'm ultimately on board with her Trinitarian analogy— not necessarily in substance but in her belief that it is the essence of art. For me, it is but one helpful way of looking at. It is here where a Protestant critique of "man-centeredness" would be helpful: God's image is seen in us because He values us and allows us to shape the world through a unique type of creativity that is quite different than God's own. Wolterstorff has a great critique of Sayers in Art in Action, accusing her of relegating the creative function only to aesthetic contemplation. I'm still wrapping my head around that. Finally, I wish she would have spent more time discussing the moral and metaphysical purpose of art rather than just talking about the process of creation and form criticism. She rarely talks about art as a medium for encountering transcendent truth, beauty, and goodness; preferring to see its value in mechanics rather than content (interestingly enough, this is the exact same problem I have with The Lost Tools of Learning). What if an artist has an authentic "Idea," carries it forth with proper "Energy," and is inspired by a dynamic "Power," but the result is ugly and immoral? Would she say that the artist had a fault in his trinity, or do these considerations lie in a different domain for her? Those are some pretty nit-picky quibbles, though. It's a very worthwhile read, especially for those with artistic vocations. Just be prepared to be confused at several points; and if you want the best of it, read the last two long chapters and postscript.
August 15, 2025
Dorothy Sayers explores the intricacies of the creative mind, connecting how our creativity functions with how the Creator God also works within the Trinity. She examines the nature of art and why mankind feels the urge to create, just as God created us. We ask questions about life and death, free will, and what it means to be created in the "image of God".
This book made me think about the Trinity in a completely new light! Every chapter blew my mind with such perceptive insights and charming wit. Each argument builds on the previous one with steady foundations of logic until you can see the whole wide picture. Being a highly creative person myself, I was delighted with the analysis of the creative mind and found many parallels to my own experience.
First, she talks about how impossible it is to know God, but that we can know Him through what He has revealed to us, and especially in the way He has created us in His own image. Through our own experiences, we can understand a small portion of the greatness of God. And through understanding our own small ability to create, we can understand a little bit of the great creative power of God.
The main premise of the book is what Sayers calls the Idea, the Energy, and the Power, and she uses this as a metaphor to describe our own creative process and also the Triune nature of God.
The Idea is pure spirit. It does not have a body or a material expression. It is timeless, seeing the whole of the work at once, whether that is a fantasy world in a book or a piano sonata. The Idea is always existing outside of the time of the work, just as God the Father exists outside of the timeline of the universe He created. This is like the Idea of a book, before the book is ever written.
The Energy is the physical manifestation of the Idea, just as Jesus Christ is the incarnate God, or as a book after it has been written down and printed. This is where the action takes place within time, but always obeying the higher Idea, just as Christ obeyed the Father. The Energy is always looking up to the Idea to make sure that the actions taken correspond to the proper revelation of the Idea.
The Power is the response of the reader when they read the book, and the response of the Christian when they are empowered by the Holy Spirit. In this Power, we find a lasting meaning and purpose through the connection of Idea and Energy with the receiver of the Power, or the connection with the reader of the book. If there is a book that no one reads, then it has no meaning for us. We have to connect and respond for the Power to do its work in us.
All three of these - Idea, Energy, and Power- have to exist for any creative act to come to fruition. You can't have one without the other, and they must all be in equal balance. Once the Idea has been revealed in the actions of the Energy, then the Power evokes a response.
This metaphor of Idea, Energy, and Power works for all creative acts, not just ones that we think of as "the arts"- music, painting, dance, architecture. We are doing creative acts all the time in our lives, whether you think of yourself as a creative person or not. Every human is always taking some material that falls into their hands and rearranging that material into something new. But the trinity of the creative mind is always there - Idea, Energy, and Power. There is no sense in making up a recipe (Idea) and cooking something (Energy) if you aren't going to eat it and enjoy it and maybe share the meal with others (Power).
Next, Sayers tackles the problem of evil. When something is created, the very act of a "something" being there also suggests that there is a "nothing". Sayers uses the example that since Shakespeare wrote Hamlet, we can describe other plays as being "not Hamlet." The creative act of Hamlet also inadvertently created a parameter by which to describe "not Hamlet". Before Hamlet was written, the category of "not Hamlet" didn't exist. Just as before "good" was created, the category of "evil" didn't exist, but that doesn't mean that a good God created evil.
"Evil has no reality except in relation to His Good; and this is what is meant by saying that Evil is negation or deprivation of Good." pg. 102
When a writer is trying to set words on paper, he searches for just the "right" word, suggesting that there are also "wrong" words that should not be used in that particular sentence. That doesn't mean that the writer created "wrong" words, but that their "wrongness" is contingent on the comparison to the "rightness" of another particular word.
The creation of anything good - a beautiful poem, a delicious recipe, a pleasant chord progression - carries the possibility of a badly written poem, a disgusting recipe, or a dissonant chord progression. God is the yardstick for all that is good, and He gives us free will to choose the good, but that also means that we have free will to choose the opposite - the not-good, the "not Hamlet"- if we are rebellious and destructive enough to wish it.
Sayers goes on to explore the many ways that the human creative mind can lose the balance between Idea, Energy, and Power, and how the Triune God has a perfect balance as each role is perfectly fulfilled.
She talks about how the creator interacts with its creation in each of the stages of the creative process. A creator loves the creation in a unique way, wanting the creation to be independent and take on a life of its own, but also constrained to the original scope of the Idea, so that the creation can fulfill its own unique purpose and return in Power. This was a really meaningful way of looking at the way in which God loves us, as it is often compared in Scripture to the way we love our children.
There is also a whole chapter that examines why humans want to think of life as a problem to be solved, instead of as a creative venture to be enjoyed. The truly creative mind is feared by bureaucrats and governments, because the creative person will debunk the entire premise of "problem" by suggesting that it doesn't need to be solved. The creative person will utterly throw out the limiting terms and parameters of the problem. There is no answer, because you are asking the wrong questions. Politicians love to sell us a problem and claim that they have the answer. But the creative mind doesn't deal with problems and solutions, but with a creative vision to make something entirely new. Just as God doesn't just forgive our sins, but completely transforms us into a new creature.
There isn't enough room to talk about all the amazing theological concepts that are examined in this book. You will just have to read it for yourself to explore further! I can't wait to read more from Dorothy Sayers, and reading about her own creative writing process has given me a new appreciation of her mystery novels as well!
This book made me think about the Trinity in a completely new light! Every chapter blew my mind with such perceptive insights and charming wit. Each argument builds on the previous one with steady foundations of logic until you can see the whole wide picture. Being a highly creative person myself, I was delighted with the analysis of the creative mind and found many parallels to my own experience.
First, she talks about how impossible it is to know God, but that we can know Him through what He has revealed to us, and especially in the way He has created us in His own image. Through our own experiences, we can understand a small portion of the greatness of God. And through understanding our own small ability to create, we can understand a little bit of the great creative power of God.
The main premise of the book is what Sayers calls the Idea, the Energy, and the Power, and she uses this as a metaphor to describe our own creative process and also the Triune nature of God.
The Idea is pure spirit. It does not have a body or a material expression. It is timeless, seeing the whole of the work at once, whether that is a fantasy world in a book or a piano sonata. The Idea is always existing outside of the time of the work, just as God the Father exists outside of the timeline of the universe He created. This is like the Idea of a book, before the book is ever written.
The Energy is the physical manifestation of the Idea, just as Jesus Christ is the incarnate God, or as a book after it has been written down and printed. This is where the action takes place within time, but always obeying the higher Idea, just as Christ obeyed the Father. The Energy is always looking up to the Idea to make sure that the actions taken correspond to the proper revelation of the Idea.
The Power is the response of the reader when they read the book, and the response of the Christian when they are empowered by the Holy Spirit. In this Power, we find a lasting meaning and purpose through the connection of Idea and Energy with the receiver of the Power, or the connection with the reader of the book. If there is a book that no one reads, then it has no meaning for us. We have to connect and respond for the Power to do its work in us.
All three of these - Idea, Energy, and Power- have to exist for any creative act to come to fruition. You can't have one without the other, and they must all be in equal balance. Once the Idea has been revealed in the actions of the Energy, then the Power evokes a response.
This metaphor of Idea, Energy, and Power works for all creative acts, not just ones that we think of as "the arts"- music, painting, dance, architecture. We are doing creative acts all the time in our lives, whether you think of yourself as a creative person or not. Every human is always taking some material that falls into their hands and rearranging that material into something new. But the trinity of the creative mind is always there - Idea, Energy, and Power. There is no sense in making up a recipe (Idea) and cooking something (Energy) if you aren't going to eat it and enjoy it and maybe share the meal with others (Power).
Next, Sayers tackles the problem of evil. When something is created, the very act of a "something" being there also suggests that there is a "nothing". Sayers uses the example that since Shakespeare wrote Hamlet, we can describe other plays as being "not Hamlet." The creative act of Hamlet also inadvertently created a parameter by which to describe "not Hamlet". Before Hamlet was written, the category of "not Hamlet" didn't exist. Just as before "good" was created, the category of "evil" didn't exist, but that doesn't mean that a good God created evil.
"Evil has no reality except in relation to His Good; and this is what is meant by saying that Evil is negation or deprivation of Good." pg. 102
When a writer is trying to set words on paper, he searches for just the "right" word, suggesting that there are also "wrong" words that should not be used in that particular sentence. That doesn't mean that the writer created "wrong" words, but that their "wrongness" is contingent on the comparison to the "rightness" of another particular word.
The creation of anything good - a beautiful poem, a delicious recipe, a pleasant chord progression - carries the possibility of a badly written poem, a disgusting recipe, or a dissonant chord progression. God is the yardstick for all that is good, and He gives us free will to choose the good, but that also means that we have free will to choose the opposite - the not-good, the "not Hamlet"- if we are rebellious and destructive enough to wish it.
Sayers goes on to explore the many ways that the human creative mind can lose the balance between Idea, Energy, and Power, and how the Triune God has a perfect balance as each role is perfectly fulfilled.
She talks about how the creator interacts with its creation in each of the stages of the creative process. A creator loves the creation in a unique way, wanting the creation to be independent and take on a life of its own, but also constrained to the original scope of the Idea, so that the creation can fulfill its own unique purpose and return in Power. This was a really meaningful way of looking at the way in which God loves us, as it is often compared in Scripture to the way we love our children.
There is also a whole chapter that examines why humans want to think of life as a problem to be solved, instead of as a creative venture to be enjoyed. The truly creative mind is feared by bureaucrats and governments, because the creative person will debunk the entire premise of "problem" by suggesting that it doesn't need to be solved. The creative person will utterly throw out the limiting terms and parameters of the problem. There is no answer, because you are asking the wrong questions. Politicians love to sell us a problem and claim that they have the answer. But the creative mind doesn't deal with problems and solutions, but with a creative vision to make something entirely new. Just as God doesn't just forgive our sins, but completely transforms us into a new creature.
There isn't enough room to talk about all the amazing theological concepts that are examined in this book. You will just have to read it for yourself to explore further! I can't wait to read more from Dorothy Sayers, and reading about her own creative writing process has given me a new appreciation of her mystery novels as well!
September 21, 2012
I don't have a proper Goodreads bookshelf for this: it's an exposition of the Trinity, but it's also just what the title says - a look into the workings of the creative, or artistic, mind. Sayers plainly states the doctrine of the Trinity and then proceeds to show how the mind of a human creator follows the same pattern of the Godhead: Father-Idea, Son-Energy, and Spirit-Power. She defends an admittedly cloudy doctrine in clear terms, traces the workings of the human mind in creation, and delivers a powerful argument for every man and woman being made to be a maker. This is not to say that every man must be a writer or a painter; but every man must follow the pattern of the creative mind given to Adam by God, or he will be running contrary to the very law of his nature.
Heartily recommended for all artists, Christian or non-Christian; and for all Christians, "artistic" or not.
Heartily recommended for all artists, Christian or non-Christian; and for all Christians, "artistic" or not.
November 4, 2019
Wow, where do I start. This book was incredible. It was also very dense and confusing at times but her thesis is immensely profound and made me think about my own creativity in a whole new way. This is definitely a book I will return to in the future. Highly recommend for everyone to read--whether or not you are an artist is not important. But if you are a working painter, poet, musician etc. this book will change the way you view your work in light of the Trinity and being made in God's image.
November 27, 2023
2nd time through listening along with The Lit Life podcast which is very helpful.
The Mind of the Maker is not an easy book to read, but it is worth while. I struggled through some of it partially because of the different century in which it was written. I was able to walk away with some great theological ideas applied to our daily life. This is a theology, philosophy, and artistic book and requires some thought and contemplation. I could easily read this book again and probably will down the line somewhere.
Worth reading, but something of a challenge to absorb.
The Mind of the Maker is not an easy book to read, but it is worth while. I struggled through some of it partially because of the different century in which it was written. I was able to walk away with some great theological ideas applied to our daily life. This is a theology, philosophy, and artistic book and requires some thought and contemplation. I could easily read this book again and probably will down the line somewhere.
Worth reading, but something of a challenge to absorb.
May 22, 2024
The first time I read this was in high-school, and I liked it then, but most of it went over my head. This time I read it along with the Literary Life Podcast, and I understood a lot more. Sayers is such a clear thinker, and she really understands stories, and the act of creating.
November 25, 2023
This was a very stretching read for me and without the Literary Life Podcast I probably would have given up on it. I will come back to this and reread it in the future and I know I will understand more.
February 10, 2022
A phenomenal book that offers detailed and transcendental comparisons between the author and his/her work and the Godhead's relationship with Creation. Definitely a must read for any aspiring author.
July 1, 2023
I feel like both of these things can be true —— I found this book hard to finish AND Sayers is brilliant & this book is just one of the demonstrations of it.
I think I’d recommend this book to my English teacher friends & aspiring writers (fiction, mostly). It’ll make you view God in a new light.
I think I’d recommend this book to my English teacher friends & aspiring writers (fiction, mostly). It’ll make you view God in a new light.
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