有效的犯罪预防: 公共安全战略的科学设计

by Irvin Waller

如何有效预防和打击犯罪，是这本《有效的犯罪预防：公共安全战略的科学设计》要探讨的核心问题。加拿大著名犯罪学家欧文·沃勒教授在《有效的犯罪预防：公共安全战略的科学设计》中，质疑了以美国纽约为代表的那种不断增加警力投入、集中打击犯罪分子的策略，他认为这种策略只会导致更多的人被送进监狱，而不能从根本上有效地预防和打击犯罪。沃勒教授用大量的权威资料分析表明有效的预防犯罪的战略应当从根除犯罪诱因入手。为此，沃勒教授提出了一系列政策建议。《有效的犯罪预防：公共安全战略的科学设计》对于中国读者反思重刑轻民的法律传统，评价中国特色的社会治安综合治理模式，用科学发展观设计和实施防治犯罪的战略、策略以及和谐社会的建设，具有重要的参考价值。2002年，美国和其他一些国家的政府在联合国接受了《犯罪预防纲要》，纲要的内容符合知名委员会得出的大多数结论。纲要强调了联邦政府、州政府和地方政府的计划作用，指出多部门联合处理导致犯罪的多重危险诱因的战略重要性，并就培训、信息以及各级政府的授权方式给出了建议。犯罪被害人办公室的成功，英国青年司法委员会的成效，纲要以及成功促使部长们作出变革的经验，所有这些都是对笔者的启发。笔者呼吁各国政府一定要成立一个高级别的预防犯罪办公室，该办公室的主要任务是落实知名委员会提出的建议。《犯罪被害人法案》、英国青年司法委员会和执法援助管理局的成功关键都是因为它们是独立的常设机构，与此类似，预防犯罪办公室也应该是独立常设机构。这个机构像一只“领头羊”，经过诊断、策划、实施和评估，带动司法、教育、体育、培训和部分社会服务机构实施联合行动，最终解决导致犯罪的诱因。要做到这一点，必须在警察、司法、教育领域进行企业文化改革，使公众安全成为他们的最终目标。犯罪预防办公室还必须同时对学校投资、创造就业机会、职业培训、学前教育、公共卫生、枪支控制、车辆和道路安全措施等主要的社会政策施加影响。这些社会政策的存在都有其自身原因，而不以预防犯罪为目的。因此，犯罪预防办公室只能从减少犯罪的方面请政治家们多给予一些权重。……第一章严惩罪犯就是严惩自己第二章让孩子们远离罪恶，免受牢狱之灾第三章根除暴力，而非根除人第四章自我警惕，以备不时之需第五章更机智的警察，而不是更多的警察第六章保障司法公正，保护被害人第七章城市采取严厉措施对付犯罪诱因第八章从“缴司法税”转向“投资治安”第九章改变目标，而非削减预算参考文献

Paperback

Published March 1, 2011

About the author

Irvin Waller is an author and emeritus professor, who is a prize-winning champion of victim’s rights and violence prevention. Governments, Non-governmental organizations and intergovernmental agencies across the world – in the USA, UK, Latin America and elsewhere – seek him as a speaker and adviser.

Science and Secrets of Ending Violent Crime in 2019 is the culmination of the lessons learned from his decades of advocating for victim rights and ending violent crime. He calls attention to the still shocking number of tragedies caused by violent crime, which are so unnecessary given the easily accessible, but little used, solid science of violence prevention accumulated in the last 50 years. He shares this science in practical language along with the internationally agreed but little known conditions that are essential for governments to successfully implement that science. He uses his unique understanding of how to get buy-in so that violent crime will be reduced significantly in the next decade. He draws on the successes and disappointments from the USA and other advanced democracies to show the way to the transformations that will achieve the significant reductions in violent crime that are measurable before 2030 for the Sustainable Development Goals. The book will provide the new movements to stop gun violence and violence against women with science based and so proven ways to achieve their goals.


His life work is using his knowledge across the world of different countries, the science, and logical practice to advance victims´ rights and stop street, intimate partner and sexual violence. His trail blazing work in 1985 to get the UN General Assembly to recognize rights for victims earned him multiple awards, including from the US National Organization for Victim Assistance. This led to more than 30 years working on the problems facing the world´s most crime ridden cities – particularly in advanced democracies – and so his unique ability to use science and success in one country to make advances in another.

Science and Secrets of Ending Violent Crime builds on his recent trilogy of books. Smarter Crime Control: A guide to a safer future for citizens, communities and politicians was published in 2013. This book organizes the most recent knowledge and best practices to show how to cut street and intimate partner violence by 50% while saving billions and reducing incarceration. Rights for Victims of Crime: Rebalancing Justice in 2011 has helped enhance the police, judicial and community response to victims of violence. The book includes a model law that can easily be adapted to jurisdictions throughout the world. Less Law, More Order: The Truth about Reducing Crime influenced the implementation of effective and cost effective crime reduction policies, particularly in Latin America. Interest in the books has led to their translation and use in Spanish, Chinese and other languages.

Irvin Waller encourages both experts and savvy citizens to keep up to date and join debates on victim rights, violence prevention and collaborative policing by following him on Twitter – @IrvinWaller. He also uses LinkedIn and blogs on his website – www.irvinwaller.org.

Professor Waller has received many international awards. The US National Organization for Victim Assistance (NOVA) and the World Federation for Mental Health both recognized his pioneering work leading to the Magna Carta for victims – when the UN adopted the Declaration on Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, which has influenced the victim movement world-wide. Waller´s unique contribution to the ¨Victim Assistance Movement¨ in the USA was recognized by his inclusion in the Oral History of the Crime Victim Assistance Field sponsored by the Office for Victims of Crime of the US Department of Justice (vroh.uakron.edu/summaries/Waller.php).

Waller has worked