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Le arti figurative e la natura

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La fama di Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling come filosofo dell’arte deriva in larga parte dal discorso sulle arti figurative e la natura, pronunciato dinanzi a un folto pubblico il 12 ottobre del 1807 in occasione dell’onomastico del re di Baviera. Il che stupisce, visto che proprio con questo discorso Schelling cessa di occuparsi speculativamente dell’arte, persuaso non solo della crisi dell’arte del suo tempo, ma più in generale del carattere illusorio della tesi del primato dell’arte. Così, paradossalmente, il discorso rappresenta il vertice dell’estetica schellinghiana e insieme l’inizio della sua fine, quanto meno dell’estetica intesa come “filosofia dell’arte”. Infatti, se è vero che l’arte non vi appare più come la sola epifania possibile dell’assoluto, è però altrettanto vero che proprio nel discorso troviamo un’esemplare trattazione di alcuni dei problemi fondamentali dell’estetica tutto un grappolo decisivo di temi che dopo Schelling hanno impegnato il pensiero di grandi storici e teorici dell’arte del Novecento (Wöllflin, Riegl, Lukács e Adorno) e si ripropongono alla meditazione odierna.

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Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling

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Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, later von Schelling, was a German philosopher. Standard histories of philosophy make him the midpoint in the development of German Idealism, situating him between Fichte, his mentor prior to 1800, and Hegel, his former university roommate and erstwhile friend. Interpreting Schelling's philosophy is often difficult because of its ever-changing nature. Some scholars characterize him as a protean thinker who, although brilliant, jumped from one subject to another and lacked the synthesizing power needed to arrive at a complete philosophical system. Others challenge the notion that Schelling's thought is marked by profound breaks, instead arguing that his philosophy always focused on a few common themes, especially human freedom, the absolute, and the relationship between spirit and nature.

Schelling's thought has often been neglected, especially in the English-speaking world. This stems not only from the ascendancy of Hegel, whose mature works portray Schelling as a mere footnote in the development of Idealism, but also from his Naturphilosophie, which positivist scientists have often ridiculed for its "silly" analogizing and lack of empirical orientation. In recent years, Schelling scholars have forcefully attacked both of these sources of neglect.

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