That it would be fun and exciting to be a writer in the Paris of the 1920’s - to participate in the literary circle that included Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald and James Joyce and Ford Madox Ford - is something that has no doubt occurred to many writers and many lovers of literature. And anyone who may have indulged in daydreams of being able to have a drink with their literary heroes at a Left Bank café might therefore enjoy the picture of Paris life that Morley Callaghan sets forth in his 1963 book That Summer in Paris.
Callaghan was a novelist from Toronto; he wrote incisive and thoughtful novels and short stories, and is better known for them today in his Canadian homeland than he is elsewhere. His residency, with his wife Loretto, in Paris in 1929 provided a basis for his setting forth his Memories of Tangled Friendships with Hemingway, Fitzgerald, and Some Others (the book’s subtitle).
The early chapters of That Summer in Paris describe Callaghan’s early life in Ontario, his education at the University of Toronto, and a newspaper job he took at the Toronto Star, where he made friends with a young Chicagoan named Ernest Hemingway. The two tried to help each other with their fledgling careers as writers, and when Hemingway and his wife moved to Paris, he took along some of Callaghan’s early stories, in hopes that doing so might be helpful.
There was a foretaste of the importance of Paris in Callaghan’s life when he received at his Toronto office a copy of a Paris literary magazine, This Quarter. The magazine, Callaghan was excited to note, “had the names of the contributors in bold black lettering: James Joyce, Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, Ernest Hemingway, Emmanuel Carnevali, Kay Boyle, Morley Callaghan….My hands trembling, I opened the magazine and there was my story, ‘A Girl with Ambition’” (pp. 50-51).
But Callaghan’s connection with Paris did not end with the publication of a single short story. Over the next few months, Callaghan found that people assumed that he had been in Paris, been part of the Paris literary circle. “How long since I had been in Paris? [an acquaintance] asked. I confessed I had never been in Paris, that I had written my stories in Toronto and that Hemingway had carried them around with him” (p. 52). On one occasion after another, Callaghan found that “Again I was the ambassador from Paris” (p. 53) – even though he had never set foot there!
Perhaps it was inevitable that Callaghan and his wife would follow Hemingway and his wife to Paris. Once there, Callaghan was particularly interested in resuming his friendship with Hemingway, and in building an acquaintance with F. Scott Fitzgerald. The three, after all, had a common association with the Scribner’s publishing company, and with the legendary editor Maxwell Perkins.
It is at this point that That Summer in Paris really takes off. Throughout the rest of the book, Callaghan shows how his impressions of Hemingway and Fitzgerald, having begun in a straightforwardly positive way, become more nuanced and more troubling – something that one can see happening in many of Callaghan’s own novels and stories.
These features of That Summer in Paris come forth with particular intensity in the passages of the book that show Callaghan boxing with Hemingway. In one early bout between the two writers, Callaghan fees apprehensive because of “all the stories I had heard of Hemingway’s skill and savagery” (p. 104), recalling “the legends I had heard…that he grew savage when hurt and had to kill” (p. 105).
In fact, however, as Callaghan and Hemingway made their way through their first rounds together, Callaghan “soon found out I could hit him easily”, and concluded that, “while he may have thought about boxing, dreamed about it, consorted with old fighters and hung around gyms, I had done more actual boxing with men who could box a little and weren’t just taking exercise or fooling around. Since I could see this for myself, it didn’t matter to me that he would never believe it” (p. 105). Even at this early stage of Hemingway’s career, a good friend like Callaghan can see how Hemingway the man is starting to become a prisoner of Hemingway the literary legend.
Something similar happens in Callaghan’s interactions with Fitzgerald. Consider this passage in which Callaghan describes Fitzgerald as he saw Fitzgerald, early in the two men’s acquaintance:
His manner was correctly courteous. All the little gentlemanly amenities seemed to be important to him. There was nothing lazy or slovenly about his speech or his movements. His light brown hair was cut cleanly and combed exactly, and he spoke with a quiet precise firmness. He was slender and of medium height. In the cut of his jaw, in his little gestures, there was a forcefulness, almost a sense of authority. Perhaps it was the manner of a man who knew he should always appear in this light; yet he did seem to assert a deep confidence in his own importance. It was attractive and somehow reassuring. Later on it came out that this sense of his importance both sustained and tormented him. (p. 150)
It is a lovely bit of literary description, and I can’t help wondering if Callaghan is offering here a bit of affectionate re-creation of Fitzgerald’s style. How easy it is to imagine Fitzgerald including a passage like this one in a book like The Great Gatsby – perhaps to describe Gatsby himself.
As the book goes on, however, Callaghan makes a point of showing how one’s initially positive impressions of Fitzgerald could quickly change – particularly if Fitzgerald had been drinking more than usual, or if Scott Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda Fitzgerald were at a difficult point in their life together.
As That Summer in Paris progresses, Callaghan expresses the sorrow he felt as he saw growing evidence of a rift, an alienation, between Hemingway and Fitzgerald. Callaghan was hurt by what he saw:
It could be said that Ernest, taking the attitude he did to Scott, was belittling him. Of course he was. But Scott stood up under it. I mean as a person he stood up. I never heard him make a single derogatory remark about Ernest. There is a story that he had some kind of envy of Ernest’s great writing skill. It can’t be true. My two friends may not have been seeing each other, and one, Scott, might be feeling hurt and rejected, but the personal loyalty he seemed so desperately bent on offering to Ernest used to embarrass me. (p. 202)
As it turns out, one crucial event – in the boxing ring, actually – seems to put paid to whatever feelings of affection and esteem had once existed between Hemingway and Fitzgerald.
After his return to Toronto, Callaghan recalls that “I don’t know what Scott and Ernest said to each other, after they returned to America. They seem to have remained nominal friends, but they had become very cynical about each other” (p. 251). Looking back, Callaghan is convinced that “in Paris, I’m convinced, Ernest and Scott had never really got together, even in the heyday of their relationship, and then with time passing, it had got harder” (p. 252).
That Summer in Paris is a well-written memoir and a fascinating study in character. Those readers who might wish that, like the modern-day Los Angeles screenwriter in Woody Allen’s film Midnight in Paris (2011), they could somehow magically travel back to Paris in 1929, become part of that exhilarating literary circle, might particularly like this story of a Canadian writer, a Parisian summer, and the challenges of a friendship with two extraordinary men.