The Astronomer takes place in France during the 16th century, at the pinnacle of science colliding with religion. Amidst some of the harshest, most unforgiving religious times ever seen, Nicolaus Copernicus makes a discovery that will change the way everyone views the world. Change of any kind did not usually bode well for the Catholic Church, which viewed science as the devil's work and thought it blasphemous for individuals to attempt to solve the mysteries behind God's many wonders. One of my favorite quotations from the book challenges this ideal, "[He:] reveled in the glory of God's creation, of finding that the full cup of knowledge had not been given to Man at once, but had been left for Man to discover for himself over time (pg 178)."
The fear by many at the time that the publication of Copernicus's discoveries would counteract Church doctrine is, looking back now after having read the book, completely ridiculous and unfounded. The notion of heliocentric orbit (the idea that the Earth orbits the sun, and not visa versa) was not, in all actuality, even a Catholic vs. Lutheran issue. Geocentric theory (the idea that the Earth was the center of the universe) originated with Aristotle, who was by no means a Christian. He and his fellow Greek philosophers were pagans well before Christianity even existed. And nowhere in the Bible does it say that the Earth is the center of the universe. Yet many leaders in the Church felt that if this new scientific data proving heliocentric orbit was shared with the public, it would discredit Church dogma. The geocentric model was a view that had been upheld from the 3rd century up until the time in which this novel takes place, and it was a "fact" that had been supported by the Church throughout all those years. So in order to save face, the Church did everything in its power to try to prevent Copernicus's ideas from being published, regardless of their scientific legitimacy.
To put everything into historical perspective, people at the time were even forbidden from reading or translating the Bible into their native languages (everything was in Latin), out of fear that if the masses were able to read the Bible and truly understand every word that was written, they would challenge its teachings. Part of Martin Luther's arguments for Church reform were hinged on the idea that religion should be a shared experience amongst brethren who actually understood what they were believing in, a right that should not be exclusive to educated members of the upper classes (who could read and write in Latin). Agents of the Inquisition were downright paranoid that anything that breached the mantra of "stay the course" would be the undoing of everything they believed in. Ironically, the fate of France's future theological structure rested on the whims of a so-called "Catholic" king who cared more for pleasure than for piety. King François's licentious behavior in the book juxtaposed by the direness of the situation outside of François's boudoir illustrated the arbitrary nature by which imperative decisions regarding religious tolerance were determined at the time.
Through a suspenseful story of the beginnings of modern science, The Astronomer explores the complex theological differences amongst the various sects of Christianity, at the time when those subdivisions of faith were first initiated. The lines were very much blurred in terms of what, exactly, constituted as heretical. To read fictionally-interpreted opinions on this matter from such legendary greats as Erasmus, Calvin, and Rabelais was quite a treat. What thoughts, actions, or principles were indicative of heresy? This book has taught me that the answer to that question depended greatly upon whom was answering it.