10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America tells the stories of 10 pivotal days instrumental in the formation and development of our nation. The days included in this book were chosen by a panel of accredited historians for a documentary series broadcast on the History channel in 2006.
Steven Gillon, the author, does state in his introduction that there was much debate and “spirited arguments” about which 10 days to be included.
The dates run from May 26, 1637, through June 21, 1964, and include social, political and military events. The book, however, does not include the best-known dates, such as July 4, 1776, or December 7, 1941; instead, the book includes dates and events less known, but which had fundamental effects on the formation and continued development of our nation.
To ensure some sense of historical perspective the book does not include any dates past 1965.
The dates included in this book are:
May 26, 1637, The Pequot Massacre. This article tells the story of the massacre of the Pequot Indians near the Mystic River in Connecticut by English Puritans from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. This treatment of the Indians set the tone and justification, in the minds of the English colonists, for the ensuing 200-year systematic eradication of Indian culture and civilization throughout America.
January 25, 1787, Shay’s Rebellion. This article describes an armed rebellion of farmers in western Massachusetts after the Revolution but before the Constitution. The states were responsible for paying their war debts individually, and the government of Massachusetts determined to pay off its war debt as soon as possible, dramatically raising taxes; however, the farmers in western Massachusetts generally bartered goods and services instead of paying with cash. This resulted in foreclosure on farms and debtors sentenced to debtor’s prison, which in turn resulted in Shay’s Rebellion. While the rebellion failed in its attempt for debt relief from the Massachusetts government, it did highlight the problems with the Articles of Confederation leading to the Constitution and a stronger central government.
January 25, 1848, Gold Rush. This article relates the California Gold Rush and the effect it had on the Untied States: people getting rich and bust overnight; adding up to $500 million to the nation’s wealth; and possibly accelerating the Civil War as California petitioned to enter the union as a free state, upsetting the Missouri Compromise of 1820.
September 17, 1862, Antietam. In this article Gillon relates how the battle of Antietam defeated the Confederate’s attempt to take Washington. This was the first time the Union had stopped the Confederates in the East, allowed President Lincoln to issue his Emancipation Proclamation, and kept the war going for the eventual victory of the Union.
July 6, 1892, The Homestead Strike. This article describes the bloody Homestead strike in Homestead, PA between the Andrew Carnegie steel mill and the fledgling worker’s union. It emphasized at that time that both the state and federal governments cared more about protecting owner rights than worker rights.
September 6, 1901, The Assassination of McKinley. Gillon includes the assignation of President William McKinley not so much because of the assignation itself but because Vice president Theodore Roosevelt succeeded McKinley as president. As Roosevelt was much more progressive than the staunchly conservative McKinley this began the transformation of the national government to addressing the needs of the common citizens of the nation instead of only promoting the wishes of the industrial barons of the nation, including the mediation of another workers strike at a Carnegie steel plant; since neither side got all they wanted, Roosevelt announced it was “square deal”.
July 21, 1925, The Scopes Trial. This article describes the events leading up to, the conduct and the aftermath of the John Scopes trial for teaching the theory of evolution. This was included because it illustrated the continuing battle between new science versus old time religion. Gillon concludes that from this point the nation has continued this fight.
July 16, 1939, Einstein’s Letter. In this letter Gillon discusses the beginning of the nuclear age starting with a letter sent by Albert Einstein to President Roosevelt explaining that splitting atoms would release a tremendous amount of energy and could be used to create a bomb of immense power. The purpose of this letter was to discourage the development of this bomb; however, because of the contingencies and carnage of World War II, this letter had the opposite effect leading to the development and use of the bomb; the debate over the morality of the use of the bomb continues to this day.
September 9, 1956, When America Was Rocked. This was the day that Elvis Presley first performed on the Ed Sullivan Show, which reached an unprecedented 82.6% rating. Gillon included this because it represented the change in the nation’s mores from the war generation to the post-war generation.
June 21, 1964, Freedom Summer. The book concludes with the civil rights movement of the 1960’s describing the murder of three civil rights activists by members of the Ku Klux Klan in rural Mississippi. While there were many murders of civil rights activists during this time, this one was the first to include white as well as Black victims. Up to this time the federal government had left the investigation and consequences to the states; however, because whites were among the victims, the weight of the federal government entered the civil rights struggles culminating in the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act in 1965.
The recurring theme of the author through each of these incidents was the struggle to uphold the individual liberty ideals of the Declaration of Independence balanced against the practical realities of governing a widespread a culturally diverse nation.
Also, one could argue about the days chosen for this book against other significant dates in American history, including: invention of the telegraph by Samuel Morse in 1837, paving the way for eventual instantaneous communication throughput the world; the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad completed on September 6, 1869, physically linking the nation from coast to coast; and the election of Franklin Roosevelt on November 8, 1932, who created the institutions of the federal government that still support the common citizens of the nation, including Social Security, the Federal Housing Authority (today’s HUD); and the FDIC, providing federal insurance for individual savings held banks.
What do you think?