What do you think?
Rate this book
زندگینامه ویلیام شکسپیر
همراه با مقدمهای از حسین الهی قمشهای
9786001211898
9786001211898
- GenresBiography
168 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 1973
2 people are currently reading
75 people want to read
Ratings & Reviews
Friends & Following
Create a free account to discover what your friends think of this book!
Community Reviews
Displaying 1 - 2 of 2 reviews
April 21, 2019
Birth and childhood
William Shakespeare was probably born on about April 23, 1564, the date that is traditionally given for his birth. He was John and Mary Shakespeare's oldest surviving child; their first two children, both girls, did not live beyond infancy. Growing up as the big brother of the family, William had three younger brothers, Gilbert, Richard, and Edmund, and two younger sisters: Anne, who died at seven, and Joan.
Their father, John Shakespeare, was a leatherworker who specialized in the soft white leather used for gloves and similar items. A prosperous businessman, he married Mary Arden, of the prominent Arden family. John rose through local offices in Stratford, becoming an alderman and eventually, when William was five, the town bailiff—much like a mayor. Not long after that, however, John Shakespeare stepped back from public life; we don't know why.
Shakespeare, as the son of a leading Stratford citizen, almost certainly attended Stratford's grammar school. Like all such schools, its curriculum consisted of an intense emphasis on the Latin classics, including memorization, writing, and acting classic Latin plays. Shakespeare most likely attended until about age 15.
Marriage and children
A few years after he left school, in late 1582, William Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway. She was already expecting their first-born child, Susanna, which was a fairly common situation at the time. When they married, Anne was 26 and William was 18. Anne grew up just outside Stratford in the village of Shottery. After marrying, she spent the rest of her life in Stratford.
In early 1585, the couple had twins, Judith and Hamnet, completing the family. In the years ahead, Anne and the children lived in Stratford while Shakespeare worked in London, although we don't know when he moved there. Some later observers have suggested that this separation, and the couple's relatively few children, were signs of a strained marriage, but we do not know that, either. Someone pursuing a theater career had no choice but to work in London, and many branches of the Shakespeares had small families.
Shakespeare's only son, Hamnet, died in 1596 at the age of 11. His older daughter Susanna later married a well-to-do Stratford doctor, John Hall. Their daughter Elizabeth, Shakespeare's first grandchild, was born in 1608. In 1616, just months before his death, Shakespeare's daughter Judith married Thomas Quiney, a Stratford vintner. The family subsequently died out, leaving no direct descendants of Shakespeare.
London theater
For several years after Judith and Hamnet's arrival in 1585, nothing is known for certain of Shakespeare's activities: how he earned a living, when he moved from Stratford, or how he got his start in the theater.
Following this gap in the record, the first definite mention of Shakespeare is in 1592 as an established London actor and playwright, mocked by a contemporary as a "Shake-scene." The same writer alludes to one of Shakespeare's earliest history plays, Henry VI, Part 3, which must already have been performed. The next year, in 1593, Shakespeare published a long poem, Venus and Adonis. The first quarto editions of his early plays appeared in 1594. For more than two decades, Shakespeare had multiple roles in the London theater as an actor, playwright, and, in time, a business partner in a major acting company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men (renamed the King's Men in 1603). Over the years, he became steadily more famous in the London theater world; his name, which was not even listed on the first quartos of his plays, became a regular feature—clearly a selling point—on later title pages.
Final years
Shakespeare prospered financially from his partnership in the Lord Chamberlain's Men (later the King's Men), as well as from his writing and acting. He invested much of his wealth in real-estate purchases in Stratford and bought the second-largest house in town, New Place, in 1597.
Among the last plays that Shakespeare worked on was The Two Noble Kinsmen, which he wrote with a frequent collaborator, John Fletcher, most likely in 1613. He died on April 23, 1616—the traditional date of his birthday, though his precise birthdate is unknown. We also do not know the cause of his death. His brother-in-law had died a week earlier, which could imply infectious disease, but Shakespeare's health may have had a longer decline.
The memorial bust of Shakespeare at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford is considered one of two authentic likenesses, because it was approved by people who knew him. (The bust in the Folger's Paster Reading Room, shown at left, is a copy of this statue.) The other such likeness is the engraving by Martin Droeshout in the 1623 First Folio edition of Shakespeare's plays, produced seven years after his death by his friends and colleagues from the King's Men.
William Shakespeare was probably born on about April 23, 1564, the date that is traditionally given for his birth. He was John and Mary Shakespeare's oldest surviving child; their first two children, both girls, did not live beyond infancy. Growing up as the big brother of the family, William had three younger brothers, Gilbert, Richard, and Edmund, and two younger sisters: Anne, who died at seven, and Joan.
Their father, John Shakespeare, was a leatherworker who specialized in the soft white leather used for gloves and similar items. A prosperous businessman, he married Mary Arden, of the prominent Arden family. John rose through local offices in Stratford, becoming an alderman and eventually, when William was five, the town bailiff—much like a mayor. Not long after that, however, John Shakespeare stepped back from public life; we don't know why.
Shakespeare, as the son of a leading Stratford citizen, almost certainly attended Stratford's grammar school. Like all such schools, its curriculum consisted of an intense emphasis on the Latin classics, including memorization, writing, and acting classic Latin plays. Shakespeare most likely attended until about age 15.
Marriage and children
A few years after he left school, in late 1582, William Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway. She was already expecting their first-born child, Susanna, which was a fairly common situation at the time. When they married, Anne was 26 and William was 18. Anne grew up just outside Stratford in the village of Shottery. After marrying, she spent the rest of her life in Stratford.
In early 1585, the couple had twins, Judith and Hamnet, completing the family. In the years ahead, Anne and the children lived in Stratford while Shakespeare worked in London, although we don't know when he moved there. Some later observers have suggested that this separation, and the couple's relatively few children, were signs of a strained marriage, but we do not know that, either. Someone pursuing a theater career had no choice but to work in London, and many branches of the Shakespeares had small families.
Shakespeare's only son, Hamnet, died in 1596 at the age of 11. His older daughter Susanna later married a well-to-do Stratford doctor, John Hall. Their daughter Elizabeth, Shakespeare's first grandchild, was born in 1608. In 1616, just months before his death, Shakespeare's daughter Judith married Thomas Quiney, a Stratford vintner. The family subsequently died out, leaving no direct descendants of Shakespeare.
London theater
For several years after Judith and Hamnet's arrival in 1585, nothing is known for certain of Shakespeare's activities: how he earned a living, when he moved from Stratford, or how he got his start in the theater.
Following this gap in the record, the first definite mention of Shakespeare is in 1592 as an established London actor and playwright, mocked by a contemporary as a "Shake-scene." The same writer alludes to one of Shakespeare's earliest history plays, Henry VI, Part 3, which must already have been performed. The next year, in 1593, Shakespeare published a long poem, Venus and Adonis. The first quarto editions of his early plays appeared in 1594. For more than two decades, Shakespeare had multiple roles in the London theater as an actor, playwright, and, in time, a business partner in a major acting company, the Lord Chamberlain's Men (renamed the King's Men in 1603). Over the years, he became steadily more famous in the London theater world; his name, which was not even listed on the first quartos of his plays, became a regular feature—clearly a selling point—on later title pages.
Final years
Shakespeare prospered financially from his partnership in the Lord Chamberlain's Men (later the King's Men), as well as from his writing and acting. He invested much of his wealth in real-estate purchases in Stratford and bought the second-largest house in town, New Place, in 1597.
Among the last plays that Shakespeare worked on was The Two Noble Kinsmen, which he wrote with a frequent collaborator, John Fletcher, most likely in 1613. He died on April 23, 1616—the traditional date of his birthday, though his precise birthdate is unknown. We also do not know the cause of his death. His brother-in-law had died a week earlier, which could imply infectious disease, but Shakespeare's health may have had a longer decline.
The memorial bust of Shakespeare at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford is considered one of two authentic likenesses, because it was approved by people who knew him. (The bust in the Folger's Paster Reading Room, shown at left, is a copy of this statue.) The other such likeness is the engraving by Martin Droeshout in the 1623 First Folio edition of Shakespeare's plays, produced seven years after his death by his friends and colleagues from the King's Men.
April 25, 2019
ویلیام شکسپیر در ۲۶ آوریل ۱۵۶۴ در شهر استراتفورد در انگلستان غسل تعمید داده شد. شهرت شکسپیر به عنوان شاعر، نویسنده، بازیگر و نمایشنامهنویس منحصربهفرد است و برخی او را بزرگترین نمایشنامهنویس تاریخ میدانند. با این حال، بسیاری از حقایق زندگی او مبهم است. پدرش از صاحبمنصبان دیوانی بود که گویا بعدها با مشکلات مالی مواجه شد و مادرش فرزند یک زمیندار محلی نسبتاً ثروتمند بود. شکسپیر احتمالاً در مدرسهٔ گرامر استراتفورد تحصیل کرده و در آنجا اطلاعات ارزشمندی دربارهٔ لاتین به دست آوردهاست؛ اما ویلیام رهسپار آکسفورد یا کمبریج نشد.
دربارهٔ جوانیِ ویلیام افسانه فراوان است و سند معتبر اندک. اولین مدرکی که ما دربارهٔ او پس از مراسم تعمید و نامگذاری داریم، از ازدواج او با آن هثوی در سال ۱۵۸۲ است، که ثمرهٔ آن دختری متولد ۱۵۸۳ و یک دختر و پسر دوقلو در سال ۱۵۸۵ بود. شکسپیر پس از ازدواج به لندن رفت و در تماشاخانه مشغول بازی شد. در آنجا وظیفهٔ ویرایش نمایشنامهها را به او سپردند. شکسپیر از این موقعیت استفاده کرد و خود چند نمایشنامه نوشت که با استقبال روبهرو شد. پس از آن، تا هفت سال هیج اطلاعی از فعالیتهایش نداریم؛ اما وی احتمالاً پیش از سال ۱۵۹۲ در لندن به عنوان بازیگر کار میکردهاست. در این موقع، چندین گروه بازیگری در لندن و دیگر مناطق وجود داشت که ارتباط شکسپیر با یکی یا بیشتر از آنها همگی حدسیات است. اما ما از ارتباط مفید و طولانی او با موفقترین دستهٔ بازیگران با نام مردان لرد چمبرلِین اطلاع داریم که پس از به تخت نشستن جیمز اول، مردان شاه نام گرفتند. شکسپیر نهتنها با این گروه بازی کرد، بلکه سرانجام سالار صاحب سهم و مدیر نمایشنامه شد.
دسته شامل کسانی میشد که در آن روزگار مشهورترین بازیگران بودند؛ مانند ریچارد باربیج، که بیشک خالق نقشهای هملت، شاه لیر، و اتللو بود. همچنین، رابرت آرمین و ویل کمپ (بازیگران نمایشنامهٔ دلقک و احمق شکسپیر).
همچنین ایشان شناختهشدهترین بازیگران تئاتر الیزابتی در سال ۱۵۹۹ بودند.
ویلیام شکسپیر در روز ۲۳ آوریل ۱۶۱۶ میلادی در پنجاه و دو سالگی درگذشت. جسدش را دو روز بعد در کلیسای مقدس ترینیتی به خاک سپردند. او حتی قطعهای ادبی نیز برای روی سنگ قبر خود گفته که بر آن حک شدهاست:
تو را به مسیح از کندن خاکی که اینجا را دربرگرفته دست بدار!
خجسته باد آنکه این خاک را فروگذارد، و نفرین بر آنکه استخوانهایم بردارد!
او در حالی مُرد که به سال ۱۶۱۶ هیچ نسخهٔ جمعآوری شدهای از آثارش وجود نداشت، و بعضی از آنها در نسخههایی مستقل چاپ شده بودند که همانها هم بدون نظارت و ویرایش او بود. در سال ۱۶۲۳ دو تن از اعضای هیئت شکسپیر، جان همینگز و هنری کاندل، نسخه جامع و ویراستهای از نمایش نامههایش را به چاپ رساندند که فِرست فولیو نام گرفت.
دربارهٔ جوانیِ ویلیام افسانه فراوان است و سند معتبر اندک. اولین مدرکی که ما دربارهٔ او پس از مراسم تعمید و نامگذاری داریم، از ازدواج او با آن هثوی در سال ۱۵۸۲ است، که ثمرهٔ آن دختری متولد ۱۵۸۳ و یک دختر و پسر دوقلو در سال ۱۵۸۵ بود. شکسپیر پس از ازدواج به لندن رفت و در تماشاخانه مشغول بازی شد. در آنجا وظیفهٔ ویرایش نمایشنامهها را به او سپردند. شکسپیر از این موقعیت استفاده کرد و خود چند نمایشنامه نوشت که با استقبال روبهرو شد. پس از آن، تا هفت سال هیج اطلاعی از فعالیتهایش نداریم؛ اما وی احتمالاً پیش از سال ۱۵۹۲ در لندن به عنوان بازیگر کار میکردهاست. در این موقع، چندین گروه بازیگری در لندن و دیگر مناطق وجود داشت که ارتباط شکسپیر با یکی یا بیشتر از آنها همگی حدسیات است. اما ما از ارتباط مفید و طولانی او با موفقترین دستهٔ بازیگران با نام مردان لرد چمبرلِین اطلاع داریم که پس از به تخت نشستن جیمز اول، مردان شاه نام گرفتند. شکسپیر نهتنها با این گروه بازی کرد، بلکه سرانجام سالار صاحب سهم و مدیر نمایشنامه شد.
دسته شامل کسانی میشد که در آن روزگار مشهورترین بازیگران بودند؛ مانند ریچارد باربیج، که بیشک خالق نقشهای هملت، شاه لیر، و اتللو بود. همچنین، رابرت آرمین و ویل کمپ (بازیگران نمایشنامهٔ دلقک و احمق شکسپیر).
همچنین ایشان شناختهشدهترین بازیگران تئاتر الیزابتی در سال ۱۵۹۹ بودند.
ویلیام شکسپیر در روز ۲۳ آوریل ۱۶۱۶ میلادی در پنجاه و دو سالگی درگذشت. جسدش را دو روز بعد در کلیسای مقدس ترینیتی به خاک سپردند. او حتی قطعهای ادبی نیز برای روی سنگ قبر خود گفته که بر آن حک شدهاست:
تو را به مسیح از کندن خاکی که اینجا را دربرگرفته دست بدار!
خجسته باد آنکه این خاک را فروگذارد، و نفرین بر آنکه استخوانهایم بردارد!
او در حالی مُرد که به سال ۱۶۱۶ هیچ نسخهٔ جمعآوری شدهای از آثارش وجود نداشت، و بعضی از آنها در نسخههایی مستقل چاپ شده بودند که همانها هم بدون نظارت و ویرایش او بود. در سال ۱۶۲۳ دو تن از اعضای هیئت شکسپیر، جان همینگز و هنری کاندل، نسخه جامع و ویراستهای از نمایش نامههایش را به چاپ رساندند که فِرست فولیو نام گرفت.
Displaying 1 - 2 of 2 reviews