"For Mrs. Browning was a great poet, and not, as is idly and vulgarly supposed, only a great poetess. The word poetess is bad English, and it conveys a particularly bad compliment. Nothing is more remarkable about Mrs. Browning’s work than the absence of that trite and namby-pamby elegance which the last two centuries demanded from lady writers."
- G.K. Chesterton
Reputation – 3/5
In 1850, Elizabeth Barrett Browning almost became England’s first female Poet Laureate, but the spot went to Tennyson instead. Writing in the 1850s, John Ruskin called her long poem Aurora Leigh the greatest poem of the 19th Century. The century, I remind you, of Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley, Keats, and Tennyson. But no, Elizabeth Barrett Browning was better.
Sickly from her early youth, Barrett Browning passed away in 1861 at the age of 55. Her reputation did not survive much longer than she did. It has been steadily declining since her death and today her most famous sonnet ”How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.” is usually confused for either Shakespeare or Emily Dickinson. While it is not necessarily a bad thing to be confused with either of those two, Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s posthumous reputation has unfortunately been reduced to “the wife of Robert Browning” and a few lines of love poetry.
Point – 4/5
Elizabeth Barrett Browning wrote much more than love poetry, but love poetry is what she is most famous for today. That is not simply because she was a woman or because of her poetic relationship with her husband, but rather because she wrote much of what is the best love poetry in English.
For all the richness of the English poetic tradition, passionate love poetry has always been lacking when compared to Italian, French, or Spanish. One could make the case that the English are a less passionate people than their southern neighbors, and that may be true. But it seems there is also a stylistic reason for the lack of English love poetry.
Most of the 17th and 18th Century was concerned with establishing a poetic tradition based on classical models. In this the English distinguished themselves admirably. Dryden, Pope, and their school created something that we might almost call an Institution of English Poetry. It was stately, dignified, unassailable. There was little room for love poetry within such a fortress of order.
But the fortress was finally assailed. The whole old order was torn down by the Romantics. But, despite their name, they were little more successful in love poetry than the two previous centuries had been. Where the old poets had put love in a stranglehold of rules and forms, the new Romantics went too far in the other direction. Most Romantic love poetry is overblown in a quite unreal way. When it is not overly sentimental, much of it has the same faults as the previous centuries. I doubt Shelley or Keats would like to admit it, but their love poetry is littered with shammy allusions to mythology as much as Milton’s or Dryden’s is, the only difference is their inflated feelings.
For really good love poetry in English, we have to go back to the Elizabethans. In that dawn of English verse poets wrote about love in a way we recognize as sincere. When Shakespeare wrote that his mistress’ eyes were nothing like the sun, or that love was the star to every wandering bark it was something that we felt and knew to be true. Elizabethan love poetry did not hide from the mundanities of love, nor did it try to dignify it with classical allusions; it simply described what it was like to be in love.
When we compare all the love poetry in English, we see that there is much more Elizabethan about Barrett Browning than her name. When she writes:
”Yes, call me by my pet-name! let me hear
The name I used to run at, when a child,
From innocent play, and leave the cowslips piled,
To glance up in some face that proved me dear
With the look of its eyes.”
We know immediately that we are in the presence of someone who is really in love. There is nothing false, and all the classical allusions and suffering of unrequited affections are worthless beside it.
Here’s another from her Sonnets from the Portuguese which clearly has no comparison outside of the Elizabethans:
XIV
“If thou must love me, let it be for nought
Except for love’s sake only. Do not say
‘I love her for her smile — her look — her way
Of speaking gently, —for a trick of thought
That falls in well with mine, and certes brought
A sense of pleasant ease on such a day’—
For these things in themselves, Beloved, may
Be changed, or change for thee, — and love, so wrought,
May be unwrought so. Neither love me for
Thine own dear pity’s wiping my cheeks dry, —
A creature might forget to weep, who bore
Thy comfort long, and lose thy love thereby!
But love me for love’s sake, that evermore
Thou mayst love on, through love’s eternity.”
There is another sense in which Elizabeth Barrett Browning is much more like the Elizabethan poets than like anything of her own time. It was first pointed out by G.K. Chesterton, and he summarizes the idea so perfectly that it is worth quoting in full:
”Mrs. Browning was Elizabethan in her luxuriance and her audacity, and the gigantic scale of her wit. We often feel with her as we feel with Shakespeare, that she would have done better with half as much talent. The great curse of the Elizabethans is upon her, that she cannot leave anything alone, she cannot write a single line without a conceit:
‘And the eyes of the peacock fans
Winked at the alien glory,’
she said of the Papal fans in the presence of the Italian tricolour:
‘And a royal blood sends glances up her princely eye to trouble,
And the shadow of a monarch’s crown is softened in her hair,’
is her description of a beautiful and aristocratic lady. The notion of peacock feathers winking like so many London urchins is perhaps one of her rather aggressive and outrageous figures of speech. The image of a woman’s hair as the softened shadow of a crown is a singularly vivid and perfect one. But both have the same quality of intellectual fancy and intellectual concentration. They are both instances of a sort of ethereal epigram. This is the great and dominant characteristic of Mrs. Browning, that she was significant alike in failure and success.”
Chesterton describes her artistry perfectly when he calls her “far more a great poet than she is a good one.”
Recommendation – 5/5
There is no question that when Elizabeth Barrett Browning is writing about love she is a very great poet. In my opinion, Sonnets from the Portuguese is the greatest cycle of love poetry in English, and it takes up about a third of this (very) slim 50-page volume.
In the “and other poems” we see Barrett Browning’s rebellious side that she shows with a fierceness not unlike Shelley. Hiram Powers’ ‘Greek Slave’ is an indictment of injustice that long outlives the marble statue of its subject, and To George Sand – A Recognition is nothing if not feminist in the same sense as Virginia Woolf.
Personal – 4/5
Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s love poetry is magical. It does exactly what poetry is supposed to do: express a common sentiment in memorable language that elevates the fleeting feeling into something immutable. It is a much-needed breath of fresh air in English poetry, which is so dispassionate when compared with other languages’ traditions.
I love the Elizabethans, especially for their natural energy for verse and the risks they take in their figures of speech. They have a sort of abandon that is absent from English poetry for about a quarter of a millennium until Elizabeth Barrett Browning revives it. Not without faults of course. But the important thing is with feeling:
XXXVIII
“First time he kissed me, he but only kissed
The fingers of this hand wherewith I write;
And ever since, it grew more clean and white,
Slow to world-greetings, quick with its ‘Oh, list,’
When the angels speak. A ring of amethyst
I could not wear here, plainer to my sight,
Than that first kiss. The second passed in height
The first, and sought the forehead, and half missed,
Half falling on the hair. O beyond meed!
That was the chrism of love, which love’s own crown,
With sanctifying sweetness, did precede.
The third upon my lips was folded down
In perfect, purple state; since when, indeed,
I have been proud and said, ‘My love, my own.’”