This book’s thesis has already been written. Many times. This is stoicism. This is Nietzsche. This is Kant. This fact does not reduce the subject's interest whatsoever. I post 2 reviews below:
A Pop Culture Full Metal Alchemist Review (recommended if you have some symptoms of A.D.D):
“A lesson without pain is meaningless. That's because no one can gain without sacrificing something. But by enduring that pain and overcoming it, he shall obtain a powerful, unmatched heart. A fullmetal heart. That is alchemy's first law of Equivalent Exchange. In those days, we really believed that to be the world's one, and only, truth. But the world isn't perfect, and the law is incomplete. Equivalent Exchange doesn't encompass everything that goes on here, but I still choose to believe in its principle, that all things do come at a price, that there's an ebb and a flow, a cycle, that the pain we went through did have a reward, and that anyone who's determined and perseveres will get something of value in return, even if it's not what they expected.” “The truth is cruel but right.”“You see, I'm sure we can change. Because we're weak. And because we die. We have to fight in order to live, and that's what will make us strong” “Stand up and walk. Move on. After all, you have perfect legs to stand on.”
― Hiromu Arakawa
The Nit-Picky Review, or if you have O.C.D. symptoms (with spoilers):
Mark’s Uncomfortable Truth: Pleasant feelings are evidently not Mark’s goal here. He wants us to grow through pain since it’s the only universal constant. Bertrand Russell, for one, would say be wary of those who glorify pain because the historical antecedents are not impressive. The fun is in deciding how far in which direction you will go.
The Classic Assumption: Thinking vs. Feeling. We quickly learn why Mark swears so much: humans have no self control. The classic assumption, says Mark, is that our Thinking Brains are in control: Plato onwards, through the Christian ages, until very recently were proponents. Kahneman and Tversky in 2011 revolutionized thinking theory and suggest otherwise. Mark here says the feeling brain actually calls the shots. Needless to say, it’s been a popular activity to imagine our brains are divided in two, the feeling brain and the thinking brain. Mark joins the frenzy:
1. Plato. Reason (thinking brain), spirit (feeling brain), and appetites
2. Hume: Impressions (Feeling) or Ideas (Thinking)
3. Freud: Ego (thinking) and Id (feeling)
4. Probably the worst theory to date: ‘Thinking Brain has balls and is from Mars, Feeling Brain has breasts and is from Venus’.
5. Kahneman and Tversky: Feeling (fast thinking) and Thinking (slow thinking)
Clown Cars: Mark’s brain theory involves seeing our feelings as cars. Clown cars (selfish narcissists) are toxic. Healthy cars see them coming a long way away and move into the slow lane, avoiding contact with them as much as possible. Clowns flock to other clown cars. Clown cars think healthy cars are boring and uninteresting. Clowns probably drive too fast, run over pedestrians and get into way too many accidents. I imagine they are literally toxic like gas-guzzling, expensive and unreliable SUVs. Clowns probably drink and drive. If they can’t get away with that, they’ll smoke pot and drive. With a Whopper in the other hand. Woodstock represents well this type of car: Times of free love, the 1960s, if it feels good do it! The New Age counterculture was clownish all the way. In fact, indulging one’s emotions is STILL often equated with great spiritual awakening. White middle-class yuppies that were raised and told that the thinking brain calls the shots, at a later age rebelled and let their feeling brain run rampant. They never really had any real problems except feeling bad and they blamed their Thinking on that. They call that turning off of the Thinking Brain ‘spiritual growth’. Sound familiar? I am SURE you know people like this…They think that self-absorption is enlightenment. But it’s still just a Clown Car with a new `spiritual’ paint job though.
The Moral Gap: Our self worth equals the sum of our emotions over time. There is something here he likes to call The Moral Gap: When someone hurts you, you think: he is shit, I am righteous. If you don’t act on it, you switch to I am shit, he is righteous. It was the best or it was trauma. They hate me because they’re envious, afraid of me, don’t want to admit that I’m better? Justification of the superiority of the narcissist. No subtleties or nuances like in real life here. You’re special no matter what. And your identity will stay your identity until a new experience acts against it. Of course, there is the 3rd alternative: A High Degree of Self-Awareness, that of forgiving others and yourself. You’ll see later that only those in the Adult Development Phase are capable of this.
The 3 Types of Religions: Mark suggests that all of us generally believe the key to our eternal salvation is to stop thinking critically and join any of the hope clubs below:
1. Spiritual
2. Ideological (the isms: communism, capitalism, anarchism, fascism, environmentalism, feminism, leftism, etc.)
3. Interpersonal (people worship: romantic, celebrity, children, etc.). Codependency: addicted to supporting or receiving validation from another person. Putting a person on a pedestal, the center of your world, the basis of your thoughts and feelings, the root of your self-esteem, to be your God value.
The above Religions compete for resources and those that win out are those that most efficiently use labour and capital.
The Root of all Social Conflict throughout History: Right vs. Left? His next target - radical leftists, with his guns all a blazing: To Mark, the true equality that all leftists are fighting for will never exist. Pain will always be there. And he’ll have us see the worst thing we can do is get rid of pain completely. We need something called ‘Legitimate Suffering’ (see The Road Less Travelled, Scott Peck). Now that it seems the leftists have been floored; we need a bully to kick the leftist while they’re down. Enter Nietzsche’s Master morality vs. Leftist’s Slave Morality. Strength, Dominance, Hierarchy vs Sacrifice, Submission, Equality; Right vs. Left; the Bullies vs. the Ressenters. Mark says Nietzsche was a globalist, rare and radical, believed in the value of a person’s deeds, nothing else, no system, no race, not nationality. And apparently Slave morality requires same beliefs, Equality and Totalitarianism. Well, now that leftism is seemingly bleeding all over the tarmac now, gasping for breath, let us take a quick reality check before the next round: Not sure here if Mark misunderstands Nietzsche, glorifies Nietzsche or cherry-picked a nibble from Nietzsche here? Let’s be absolutely clear, I mean no beating around the bush: Nietzsche loves, I mean loves, LOVES violence and ruthlessness. Not sure how much Mark wants that side of him as part of his philosophy. I mean Nietzsche just totally got erections for violence. I mean full daylight erections. Not morning hide it under the cover, wait- until-it-takes-a-chill-pill erection. Example hard to beat: Nietzsche loved Napoleon. He was like THE MAN for Nietzsche. Yes, mass murdering, war-mongering Napoleon. So, I think it’s fair to say that Nietzsche’s ethics were highly questionable (even if his criticism of religion and literary output were very important in philosophy). No, no grasping now my Nietzschian bullies, he was certainly not A BUDDHIST. To Nietzsche, the majority are only a means to the excellence of the few. Let it be known that this contradiction still does not eliminate the necessity of a conflict of ideas here.
Kant vs. Nietzsche: Mark does acknowledge that Nietzsche did not believe in Kant’s ideas and scoffed at the Law of Humanity (something Mark clearly believes in here too, so we need to try to understand the apparent contradiction). Mark can’t not understand that Nietzsche was all about ends. Not means. The polar opposite of Kant in that way. I am guessing what Mark likes about Nietzsche was that he was certainly pro-pain. But Mark evidently needs to be good with Kant too. Or Mark would certainly be an all-out nasty dude. Nietzsche didn't mind being seen as nasty but something tells me Mark isn't quite ready to take that step. It gets even more problematic: Kant’s value system that transcends religion is a religion too. This led Nietzsche to accuse Kant of being absurd, naïve, and outright narcissistic (talk about calling a kettle black…). Mark concurs with Nietzsche that all beliefs are inherently imprisoned by our own perspectives and are faith-based. But Mark admits some value systems produce better and more logical results than others. Science (faith in evidence) produces the best belief systems (according to Mark). Similarly, Kant has the best basis for creating value systems: value that which perceives value above all else (consciousness). We can conclude that Kant’s belief that morality can be deduced outside religion is absolutely true and is admirable. While scientifically pursued moral philosophy is Mark’s apparent goal. But Mark suggests that conflict must exist for hope and meaning to exist and he still comes across positive about war. He says: ‘war has created the most positive innovations, it brings out the best in our character’. Yikes, not sure how far he wants to take that…So, Mark is seemingly stuck. He clearly betrays religious ideological leanings with open belief in amor fati (love of fate), Stoicism and Kant’s Formula of Humanity (where you are honest, humble and brave at all moments). But he also likes the idea of going beyond Good and Evil and is just as clearly reluctant to dismiss Nietzshe despite Fred's ruthlessness.
Developmental Psychology: Despite these obvious ideological contradictions we can’t write off Mark just yet- he has more interesting stuff up his sleeve. He proceeds to explain developmental psychology theory, and how most of us are stuck at an adolescent phase: When you are a kid, you are an explorer. Then you grow up and realize there is too much to explore. A child is all about pleasure vs. pain. An adolescent learns to understand life as a transaction. He gets pleasure through bargains, as a means to a pleasurable end. Becoming an adult is doing the right thing for the simple reason that are doing the right thing. Honesty is the best example. You tell the truth as an end, not a means to get something. Because honesty is good and valuable. Sound idealistic? That’s because it is. Is this actually practicable? It reminds me of the Jim Carey movie: Liar, Liar, where a lawyer is charmed (or cursed) with the inability to lie and all the chaos that ensues. Have there been any studies about people who have actually attempted to live their lives under this Formula? Apparently there are so few people actually doing this that ‘replicability’ is an issue with any study. Suffice it to say: not enough evidence, no science. So we are in the dicey religion area still. I guess there is no way around it. (Yes Nietzsche starts jumping up and down again. He certainly wouldn't like Mark playing both sides…) But let’s ignore Nietzsche one minute, and stick with the theory for now: with this undeniably interesting theory that trauma and/or neglect cause people to get stuck in either the child or adolescent mode. And prevent us from becoming the low percentage of adults that apparently exist (some 13% in the studies that have been made, but duly note the lack of evidence and replicability). Becoming an adult involves 3 things, according to Mark:
1. Enduring pain (Nietzsche has an erection again. Fred, put that thing away!)
2. Abandoning hope (this shouldn’t be taken too seriously, as you see Mark clearly has hope in science, evidence and Artificial Intelligence.)
3. Letting go of the desire for more pleasant and fun things.
Assuming the above as gospel, what’s holding us back from being adults?
Fake Freedom: We’ve been given the blue pill for too long. It’s made us weaker and more fragile. Who is to blame? Marketing. Marketing has convinced us to be flooded with Diversions. Marketing understands how to manipulate our Feelings. Our Thinking brain hasn’t been trained to compete. And our Feeling brain is taking the Clown Car to a whole new level. Due to this Law of Diminishing Returns, this is the state of our current Character:
1. We are Fragile. We have Diminishing Values, obsessed with Comfort and Pleasure.
2. We are consumed by Low-Level Addictive Behaviours: phone, email, Netflix, Facebook, Instagram. Compulsively experiencing more stuff. Addiction produces a downward spiral, thus numbing Pain (no Pain: no Meaning and ability to find Value), generating greater Pain, and greater numbing.
3. We have too much Choice: the more Options we have, the less Satisfaction. Consequently, we have constant Anxiety over whether we made the best Choice.
This Insecurity, Doubt and Intolerance is not Freedom. It is an endless cycle of Hope. This Fake Freedom is an endless series of Transactions and Bargains which you feel you’re winning. Modern tyranny is Diversion, BS information, and Distraction. The breadth and power of the internet has created a global system of Propaganda by governments and corporations steering our desires and wishes. That is our Current Reality. Perhaps this is our Orwellian Brave New World. Big Brother is indeed watching us and steering us THROUGH Pleasure. Huxley and Orwell all in one. Mark calls Fake Freedom TOO MUCH Pleasure. We are told not to forget that maybe people actually start Revolutions because of Pleasure. Too much Pleasure and Comfort cause low tolerance for Discomfort and Inconvenience. Political Revolution then becomes a Privilege. This is called a Revolution of Rising Expectations. The leaders of the French Revolution were actually wealthy citizens. The American Revolution likewise (wealthy landowners who didn’t want to pay taxes). Prosperity, Pleasure and Convenience can thus cause a crisis in Hope. Finding Meaning is more and more difficult. But the key tipping point may be Information. Once awareness of Inequality is well-known, when it is revealed how uncontrolled Wealth has become, the Revolution of Rising Expectations may be inevitable. Maybe that’s why here Mark has footnoted Pinker and Rosling telling us things are really good? Because they know we will get pissed when we realize things aren’t actually good. We will elect demagogues and Democracy will be overturned. Prosperity, Pleasure, Convenience, lack of Hope, and Inequality awareness may just cause a Revolution. If AI doesn’t beat the people to it. Mark’s betting on AI.
Education (but please, not Sparta): Obviously, Education is the only way around this. We need an educational facelift; Mark says that our Children are the masters of Pain and Antifragility (see Taleb). Maybe, but Mark let’s not start leaving our kids out during winter nights to see if they can tough it out like the Platonic ideal of Sparta actually did (see Plato’s Republic). Knowledgeable philosophy readers might be forgiven if they are alarmed by a bit too much of the less-reputable sides of Plato (and Nietzsche) here.
Real Freedom? According to Mark, Real Freedom is actually Self-Limitation. Consciousness of your Time, Attention and Choices. This causes an Increase in Return. Greater Commitment. Greater Depth. Less Superficiality. We must stop hacking life. Real Freedom is victory over Desires, seeing the world unconditionally. Freedom requires nothing of the world. Just your Will. This is very Stoic.
Things we can do that don’t just involve Self-Help: From an activist point of view Mark admits that online Advertising and Fake News must cease to exist. We need independent 3rd party algorithms to rate veracity of headlines. Evidence is the only life preserver in an infinite sea of Lies. This is Mark´s Hope and Religion coming out of the masturbatory sock of self-help. His hope seems to be that AI will fix this Manufacturing of Consent.
The new Religion: He reminds us again and again that each subsequent Religion’s attempt at Global Harmony has only been partial and incomplete. But he has his own final Religion: AI, and us as domesticated dogs. We already submit to artificial algorithms and we love it. The best of us are shitty information processors, even if you or I can access, harness, and manipulate information better than others, we can’t compete with AI.
Elon Musk was asked what could cause the end of the world. He replied with 3 possible outcomes:
1. Nuclear war.
2. Climate change.
3. Computers
Mark thinks otherwise. He thinks computers will behave better than us and correct the other 2 of the above.
The Richer you Are, the Sadder you Are: Technology has brought us empty, meaningless variety, and endless options. But supposedly it has reduced poverty. Forget that Reduced Poverty is patently false since the 70s, unless we are speaking about the 1%, but that doesn’t change the argument: we DO live near the top of history in quality of life. It is emphasized that the wealthier the country the more its people struggle with feelings of meaning and purpose. This book is for them. Only 10 percent in a yougov survey of people from the 17 richest countries felt the world was getting better. Wealthier countries and neighbourhoods also have higher suicide rates on average. Mark raves about Steven Pinker and Hans Rosling here. Their works are deemed in the notes as ‘excellent, indispensable and important’. Apparently, they are dead on about how lucky we all are. But Steve and Hans care nothing about how depression works. They are addicted to big stats like the GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Even from a purely statistical perspective, they lack subtlety. They don’t want or care about the mathematics of noticing that median real wages have actually reduced since the 70s (see my review of Factfulness explaining the math). So Inequality is going up big time. Mark acknowledges this although he certainly emphasizes that we have way more than enough prosperity. The difference being that Mark definitely realizes that life actually sucks for most people in rich countries. Mark suggests the problem is Lack of Meaning. To Mark, it is clear that Material prosperity is not more valuable to us than Purpose. To Hans and Steve our disconnect, our addictions, our lack of connections are not the core of life. Prosperity is. Mark Manson points out what they miss: Meaning matters. (See ‘Man’s Search For Meaning, Frankl).
Some tough truths about pain vs. pleasure: Despite all the above argumentation noted, we are still missing evidence here. Remember Evidence and Science are the only Religion worth following now right? The thing is there really aren’t conclusive studies to suggest that Pain improves us. Similarly, there aren’t conclusive studies to suggest that Pleasure does either. To make it all even more confusing, there aren’t conclusive studies to suggest what the right balance is. Since we don’t have community like we used to, Inequality is worsening, we are unhappier whether Steve, Hans or Mark think we have reason to be. Mark definitely suggests we are wimps. That we need to toughen up. Maybe, but did I say that there is no conclusive evidence about all this?
With all this in mind, there is no doubt your motivation, whether it’s intrinsic or extrinsic, matters. You gotta love that Mark talks about Intrinsic motivation: the simple pleasure of doing an activity well, rather than for an external reward, motivates you to continue doing that activity. Mark says that’s why he wrote the book. Not for the millions of dollars. Nice! Let’s assume it’s true. 😉
In agreement with his polemics or not, give Mark Manson credit for putting passion and prudence on the scales again.