The Fever: How Malaria Has Ruled Humankind for 500,000 Years

by Sonia Shah

In recent years, malaria has emerged as a cause célèbre for voguish philanthropists. Bill Gates, Bono, and Laura Bush are only a few of the personalities who have lent their names—and opened their pocketbooks—in hopes of curing the disease. Still, in a time when every emergent disease inspires waves of panic, why aren't we doing more to eradicate one of our oldest foes? And how does a parasitic disease that we've known how to prevent for more than a century still infect 500 million people every year, killing nearly 1 million of them?In The Fever, the journalist Sonia Shah sets out to answer these questions, delivering a timely, inquisitive chronicle of the illness and its influence on human lives. Through the centuries, she finds, we've invested our hopes in a panoply of drugs and technologies, and invariably those hopes have been dashed. From the settling of the New World to the construction of the Panama Canal, through wars and the advances of the Industrial Revolution, Shah tracks malaria's jagged ascent and the tragedies in its wake, revealing a parasite every bit as persistent as the insects that carry it. With distinguished prose and original reporting from Panama, Malawi, Cameroon, India, and elsewhere, The Fever captures the curiously fascinating, devastating history of this long-standing thorn in the side of humanity.

Genres: Science, Nonfiction, History, Medicine, Medical, Health, Biology

319 pages, Kindle Edition

First published June 29, 2010

About the author

Sonia Shah is a science journalist and prize-winning author. Her writing on science, politics, and human rights has appeared in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, Foreign Affairs, Scientific American and elsewhere. Her work has been featured on RadioLab, Fresh Air, and TED, where her talk, “Three Reasons We Still Haven’t Gotten Rid of Malaria” has been viewed by over 1,000,000 people around the world. Her 2010 book, The Fever, which was called a “tour-de-force history of malaria” (New York Times), “rollicking” (Time), and “brilliant” (Wall Street Journal) was long-listed for the Royal Society’s Winton Prize. Her new book, Pandemic: Tracking Contagions from Cholera to Ebola and Beyond, is forthcoming from Sarah Crichton Books/Farrar, Straus & Giroux in February 2016.

Reviews

[Alysa · Rating 3 out of 5]

I'm going to start this review by noting that I am a malaria researcher, myself, and thus am already familiar with much of the material Shah presented in this book. This, of course, affects the way I read the book and my perception of it.

My first gripe with the book is that, to me, the story seemed to be set up in a strange way. The author seems to have broken the book up into a short discussion of the parasite (Plasmodium species), a moderate length discussion on the host (humans, in this case), and a lengthy discussion on the vector (mosquito, Anopheles species). While it is important to understand the roles of all three species in understanding malaria's history and continued prevalence, the way this is done seems to skip out on things in the early chapters without mentioning that they will be discussed later, and then talk about various things in later chapters without tying back to things that were discussed earlier. Perhaps this is evident to me already coming in with a background in the subject, but would not be as evident to those who are unfamiliar with malaria research.

My other issue with the book is that the author, who is a journalist, not a scientist, is clearly trying to tell a story rather than simply presenting the facts (which, frankly, would not be all that interesting and is what we have scientific journals for). As a result, however, there is sometimes a slant to the story, and it feels that we're not getting the whole picture. Also, the sarcastic tone that seems to be present here and there makes it difficult for me to take the author seriously.

Also, the author does point this out, but I think the point is not belabored well enough: MALARIA EXIST OUTSIDE OF AFRICA, TOO. Papua New Guinea has one of the highest malaria rates in the world and is mentioned roughly twice in this book? But this is not an issue strictly defined to this book—much of it has to do with all of the malaria eradication and elimination programs that seem to forget that when we talk about the developing world and infectious disease, we don't just mean Africa.

That being said, this book is absolutely full of fascinating information. If you have an interest in malaria, infectious disease, epidemiology, public health, human history, or whatever, certainly read this book. It's relatively well written and the information is pretty accurate and up to date. You will definitely learn something (or many things!) about malaria.

[Kate · Rating 4 out of 5]

Disclosure: This follows on the heels of Mountains Beyond Mountains: The Quest of Dr. Paul Farmer, a Man Who Would Cure the World and The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer, and I am an avid consumer of epidemiological histories, like And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic (an all-time favorite book of mine) which indubidably biased my reading of The Fever.

The Fever suffers from being too short. I trying to be too many things in 240 pages+footnotes: a cultural history, an environmental and ecological history, a popular science work of microbiology and entymology, and a post-colonial history. The fascinating thing about malaria is that any book on this disease must be all of these things. And no author, no matter how good, can do that well in a book this short, a choice I'm sure that was made by an editor trying to capitalize on malaria's recent resurgence as a cause celebre(covered in the last chapter) with out scaring off a book reading public scared of anything over 300 pages.

Shah gives it the old college try, though, and a reader of The Fever will uncover a lot of facts with some trite but spot on analysis. One point I found fascinating:

Malaria was a global phenomenon until lthe early 20th century and its prevalence until then accounts for the lack of habitation or agriculture in many otherwise arable and habitable places that remain relative uninhabited today: rural Georgia and Alabama, for example. It was fascinating to me that a disease that is today associated so heavily with the tropics would be responsible for the poor settlement of places like the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, where my mother's family is from: a decidedly non-tropical locale. Malaria did not recede from the developed world through aggressive tactics like those practiced in poor, tropical countries today, however. It receded because development destroyed mosquito habitats and increased herds of farm animals were more attractive sources of food for those mosquitos that remained. Shah gives the lie to people like economist Jeffrey Sachs, who claim that malaria creates poverty and eradicating malaria will also eradicate it: Poverty, she points, out, can create malaria, too.

Shah is also very good when it comes to the malaria and drug development, and makes a really interesting point that Siddhartha Mukerjee also makes in The Emperor of All Maladies. There is an almost militant and religious dedication to high-tech solutions to diseases from malaria to cancer. These high-tech solutions have their draw backs, however: they are incredibly expensive, result expensive therapies, and here's the kicker for malaria - rarely work as well as wormwood or quinine and, because of their high specificity, are theoretically more likely to generate resistant strains. In both cases, new chemotherapies are just as likely to be found through the classic stab in the dark methods as they are through high-tech engineering. Yet we chase high-tech methods because, as Shah notes, they are 'economy building.'

I really would have loved to hear more about the modern drug development efforts being made, and the efforts being made to deliver the drugs to malarious countries. I do believe, like a Nigerian health official quoted in the last chapter, that we have to find a way to manufacture these drugs in situ, as opposed to manufacturing them outside and then shipping them in, with all of the extra costs and difficulties that ensures.

This is highly recommended as an introduction to the history and current state of the epidemiology and treatment of malaria.

[Casey · Rating 5 out of 5]

This book was a fairly easy read, despite being quite dense with information. I've always been curious about malaria, and I learned a lot about the history, the science, and the attempts to eradicate the disease.

Lately, I've been reading books on the American Revolution, yet not once has malaria been mentioned. (Yellow fever, yes.) That seems like an egregious oversight, especially since malaria was an epidemic all through the New England colonies during those times. Also the history books on the Civil War -- malaria killed more than the battles, yet I don't remember any mention of malaria. Why?

Highly recommended!

[Nancy · Rating 4 out of 5]

Malaria is a complex disease that cannot be summed up in a slogan or sound-bite. Ms. Shah does a good job of covering both how malaria affects people and the larger impact on history. She explains why control of malaria is much more difficult than for other diseases.

For me the book bogged down a bit in the middle as she reported battle after battle in wars over thousands of years where the outcome was determined by malaria. Once she made that point and moved to the science and politics of modern eradication efforts, the book really picked up for me. Well worth reading!

[Práxedes Rivera · Rating 4 out of 5]

My colleague Katherine Robinson recommended this book. Exquisitely researched, it brings to light the way malaria has shaped human history, politics, and economics. The book is quite comprehensive and a bit depressing, since this virus seems to outwit us at every turn: and the few times we might have had the upper hand are squandered among competing interests (no surprise there!). Very, very nice.

[Wim · Rating 4 out of 5]

I enjoyed this book on the history of malaria: the disease had an enormous impact, shaping human history at several critical junctures in the past. Most of it was unknown to me: from the Roman empire to the colonisation of North America, how the slave trade deepened, how Scotland lost its independence, how malaria was part of World War strategies, ... very fascinating!

I also liked the elaborate parts on the complexity of malaria, the parasite Plasmodium and its Anopheles vector. The first time I studied the Plasmodium life cycle was for my zoology exam at university when I was 19, one week before I suffered an outbreak of Plasmodium vivax (probably picked up in Togo the year before...). This time I suffered from migraines while reading the book (due to sinusite, not malaria), bringing the disease experience somehow closer to me (and preventing me from finish this fast read earlier!).

Shah does a very good job underlining the illusion of silver bullets (whether it be medication, mosquito repellent such as DDT or a vaccin) and the importance of community awareness and participation. I found it very striking when she compared our indifferent attitude towards cars that continue to kill and the reasoning of people affected by malaria: somehow the importance of fighting against these causes of death is played down.

As conclusion, she seems to suggest that the solution of malaria is more the advent of development and the end of poverty. This seems to be the way malaria left more temperate regions. Interesting, but Shah should have elaborated more on this. How come there is no more malaria in Europe and North America, while Anopheles is still thriving? It seems to be more a coincidental situation than one of deliberate measures towards malaria eradication... what lessons can we learn from this for malaria eradication in more tropical regions? And to prevent malaria from reintroducing itself in temperate regions?

[Anne-Marie · Rating 4 out of 5]

If you’re looking for a well researched, thematic examination of malaria’s role in human history, I’d recommend checking this one out. While it doesn’t hold your hand through all the science and public health concepts, it’s still very accessible to a general audience. Researchers will enjoy the vast bibliography in the back of all works cited. The writing itself is fine - clear and concise with an approachable tone.

For me, I have a decent understanding of malaria’s general transmission, epidemiology, public health efforts, and some general history (ex. Panama Canal). That said, I did learn a lot of specific historical examples of malaria’s impact on humans (Scotland’s attempt at New Caledonia in the Caribbean (not to be confused with the actual New Caledonia in Oceania) comes to mind), more detail on the various Plasmodium species, and the historical efforts of eradication and control. Not to mention a more cohesive and integrated understanding of malaria’s role in history and human health.

The key takeaway for me is just how racist and grounded in human ignorance and poor science the history of malaria is, and in many ways continues to be. Shah alludes to this more than directly accusing or referring to people or organizations as discriminatory/racist; however, she makes it clear how unacceptable these behaviours were and are.

Because this text was published in 2010, a lot of the numbers and in/active programmes aren’t up to date for a 2020 audience. It’s still quite relevant, however. And Shah gives you plenty of references and jumping off points to continue your own research.

I will say I wish it had been longer - 240 pages is enough for a solid introduction, but I feel I could have benefited from a longer and more in-depth examination of malaria.

Overall if you have an interest in malaria and want to get a good, solid, well-researched introduction to the disease, its history and epidemiology, and how humans have been impacted and continue to be impacted, I recommend picking up The Fever.

[Jay C · Rating 4 out of 5]

A very educational read for me, on a topic I admittedly knew very little about when I began reading. Almost a chronicle of humanity's naïveté or arrogance in the way that our imagined solutions to "the Malaria problem" continued and in many cases continue to be defeated. Even though we can "do the math" I think it's still hard for humans to fully appreciate the sheer numbers and "generational turnover" of our insect and parasite foes. Very thought-providing reading, leaving me wanting to learn more.

[Dylan Matthews · Rating 3 out of 5]

I’m not a malaria expert. But I know enough to know when someone is bullshitting me, and Shah is bullshitting.

There’s a lot good here, to be sure. Shah gives a worthy account of the biological facts of malaria, at the plasmodium and mosquito and human genome level. Her history of how the disease has shaped history, from Ancient Rome to the trans-Atlantic slave trade to the Panama Canal, is solid and compelling.

The problem is the quiet agenda of the book. Summarizing that agenda is hard in part because Shah contradicts herself constantly. One moment, the problem is that the world isn’t investing enough; the next, the problem is that it’s too trendy, and people she doesn’t like are spending money on stuff she doesn’t like. One moment, the problem with DDT is that it caused overpopulation by crashing death rates so successfully; the next, DDT’s deployment was an “ignominious failure.”

One moment, malaria is a neglected disease of poverty; the next she’s explaining sympathetically how some people in malarial regions don’t take it seriously, don’t see it as a life or death matter. Why don’t we listen to these local voices? Arrogant westerners, trying to save their lives anyway. At times she seems, to paraphrase Blake, of the parasite’s party.

The horrendously overwritten MFA-style prose makes it worse. To show how fancy Harvard’s malaria research institute is, we’re treated to an overawed description of how you have to swipe a badge to use the elevator. Has she never been in a hotel before?

But if forced to make the perspective more coherent than it is in the text, I’d summarize it as, “malaria cannot be defeated, all these investments on bednets and vaccine development are at best half measures and at worst harmful, the best we can do is hold it back a little, or else totally remake all of Africa’s economies and societies entirely the way I and my social medicine sources want.”

If I wanted to be a little less generous, and I’m inclined to be, I’d say the real point is “sure Bono says he cares about malaria, but I care in a different and more nuanced and smarter way. Please clap.”

It’s the kind of thing that makes me ashamed to be a journalist, a refusal to accept and emphasize the obvious (it’s in fact good to spend money preventing malaria deaths), a misleading focus on edge cases (she implies that fishing and insecticide resistance have made bednets useless, which is just false and ridiculous), an all-encompassing cynicism inflected by personal politics that poses as sophisticated while actually telling us nothing.

She’s done her homework, she’s been in the field, and she put enough effort into this that I begrudgingly feel compelled to throw a few stars. But we desperately need a better popular book on malaria, one more interested in actually solving the problem.

[David · Rating 3 out of 5]

good history and easy-to-digest science regarding why malaria has been so devastating and so resistant to eradication efforts. Because a couple of my nephews went to a high school run by Jesuits, I was interested in the anecdote that Oliver Cromwell and other Protestants derided cinchona as "Jesuit's powder" and refused to use this malaria treatment, in Cromwell's case at the cost of his life. Jesuit missionaries had seen the cinchona bark work in South America and tried to bring it to Europe. Other treatments have come from ancient Chinese medicine, from manufacturing of synthetic chemicals, etc. etc. But they all have proven imperfect so far because the disease develops drug resistance, or the fix creates its own problems (e.g., spraying DDT on everything), or adherence is poor (depressing chapter on insecticide-treated bed nets was news to me in this respect), or all of the above.

Some good background on how it was discovered (and only slowly accepted) that mosquitoes were responsible for spreading the disease, as well as what an enormous impact malaria has had. Not an uplifting book but informative.

[ཐི༏ཋྀ · Rating 4 out of 5]

scared me very deeply, so it did its' job! being an indian in western society, the opening on feeling confused at the "dirtiness" of india with all its' mosquitoes as a child, and confusion at why everyone else didn't get bit by them but you did, was really captivating to me.

the further i read, the clearer it became that this book wasn't the cultural exploration i thought i was reading, focusing a lot on the effects of malaria on colonisation efforts e.g. the scots of panama, the world wars. that's not to say that there was no cultural depth, i really enjoyed the explanations of why drug improvements would have such marginal effects on efficacy and the cultural links of shaman healers there!

i think i was expecting a book that resmbled heart by sandeep jauhar more than what it was :P nonetheless a grerat read despite scaring me a little!!

[AJ Payne · Rating 4 out of 5]

Really enjoyed this history of malaria and how it’s affected the world. This is really great for the lay reader and doesn’t dive too far down into the weeds on anything, unlike some other histories of malaria, and it doesn’t focus excessively on Europe or America and their eradication efforts. It has a more global look, and of course does have a lot about Africa.

I did not come out of it with any idea of what should be done about malaria - as the author notes, after everything that has been tried malaria has always come back stronger than before, and even in places it’s been eradicated it’s not a given for it to stay away. A lot has happened in malaria research in the years since this book was published, so hopefully the conclusions will prove to be wrong, but there is a good reason why malaria has been in lockstep with humans for so many hundreds of thousands of years.

Really great book.

[Colleen · Rating 5 out of 5]

Fascinating and fairly thorough history of the struggle between human beings and malaria over millennia. The author uses the fight against malaria as a sort of microcosm to demonstrate the workings of racism, colonialism and imperialism. Some of the things she warned about near the end of the book, over a decade ago are coming to fruition now. Well worth a read if you are interested in public health, disease or ecology

[David · Rating 3 out of 5]

Buen ensayo de divulgación sobre la malaria. Interesante, bien documentado y escrito. Repasa las diferentes perspectivas de la enfermedad. Quizás lo más interesante es el relato histórico de todos los procesos.

[Avery Cox · Rating 2 out of 5]

probably worth more than 2 stars, but read for class and is not my chosen subject matter- so very boring to me

[Jackson Harrison · Rating 4 out of 5]

Interesting read on the history of malaria and it’s impacts on humanity

[Steven Boyles · Rating 4 out of 5]

The Fever is a wonderfully written and well thought out overview of how malaria has shaped human history. Sonia Shah does an excellent job weaving science, history, and storytelling to paint a vivid picture of why this disease has remained such a persistent threat to humankind for so long.

What I found most compelling was the perspective she offers on why malaria is so incredibly difficult to eradicate. The book dives into not just the biology of the parasite and its mosquito vector, but also the social, political, and environmental obstacles that have undermined past eradication efforts. I appreciated how Shah highlighted the many well-intentioned campaigns that ultimately fell short, often due to a combination of scientific limitations and cultural missteps.

[João Conrado · Rating 3 out of 5]

É um livro interessante para se obter uma visão mais global da malária, inserida em contexto histórico. Contudo a ordem escolhida para os capítulos não tem uma lógica muito clara. Apesar de bem referenciado, tenho dúvidas sobre a acurácia de algumas informações apresentadas.

[Paul · Rating 5 out of 5]

You know you’re into something special when you open a book randomly and find something compelling on every page.

Sonia Shah performs a great balancing act in delivering the complexities of malarial science while keeping the storytelling brisk and riveting.

The long history of the disease also provides her with rich pickings and some great anecdotes like that of Oliver Cromwell.

He spurned one of the best and most effective treatments of the day, the ground-up bark of the cinchona tree, because it had been brought to Europe by Jesuit missionaries.

Anti-Catholic sentiment saw him dismiss it as “Jesuit’s Powder” and at 59 he died, 20 years after its introduction from South America. Had he tried it and survived would Britain’s constitutional monarchy ever have made a return?

Another tale recalls sufferer Sir Walter Raleigh who, when captive in the Tower of London, prayed not to have a malarial fit on the scaffold in case people thought he was shivering with fear.

And harking back to Roman times, there’s a story about Julius Caesar being struck down with malaria while, paradoxically, the disease-riddled swamps around the imperial city kept besieging foreign armies at bay.

There’s more to this book than mere anecdotes though. There’s much to think about in Shah’s view of how the disease affected the culture and demography of the United States, creating “deep cultural prejudices…that persist to this day”.

In documenting previous efforts to thwart the disease, she relates how drugs have been misused, strategies ill-thought out and quick fix “solutions” have been anything but.

Environmental disturbance, climate change and mass movement of people have all been exploited by the parasite which continues to plague mankind.

Attempts to combat the illness have occupied some of the world’s finest minds and have cost billions of dollars but it continues to survive and thrive.

The lesson of the book is that there is no silver bullet, no single solution; nets, drugs, new technologies and good intentions cannot succeed on their own.

Without accompanying improvements to countries’ infrastructure in areas like schools, roads, clinics, housing and good governance any short-term gains will be swiftly overturned and newer, more virulent forms of malaria will return with a vengeance.

[Richard]

The New York Times reviewed The Fever on July 26, 2010, in Drama! Intrigue! A Mystery? No, Malaria’s Story .

With global warming climate change, malaria will undoubtedly return to the United States, so this looks like a good book to preview coming attractions. As the New York Times reports, Dengue fever is already back in Florida and likely to move up the eastern seaboard, and — astonishingly — the United States Centers for Disease Control is closing its “vector-borne” disease branch:

The disease centers confirmed that the 2011 budget does eliminate financing for the “vector-borne” disease branch, which tracks dengue, West Nile virus, plague, encephalitis and other illnesses carried by insects.

Is malaria one of these “other illnesses carried by insects”? Itching minds want to know...

Note: malaria is carried by mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles, whereas dengue, as well as yellow fever and Chikungunya come courtesy of the genus Aedes. Both genii survive in North America, and these diseases are almost non-existent becase "transmission has been interrupted through successful control/elimination programs", per the CDC. However, as temperatures rise, "transmission will be more intense" and will be "transmitted year-round". Combined with declining budgets, declining scientific awareness and the many other critical problems "climate change" is likely to bring, it seems like a good bet that malaria (et al) will become endemic in the southern United States.
­

[Catherine · Rating 4 out of 5]

Sonia Shah hates mosquitoes, as do I.

I have occassion to help diaganosis Malaria, in an east coast medical center. When a patient is diagnosed, it is usually someone who was originally from a malaria infested area who has been living in the US (legal or otherwise). He or she goes back for a visit; and as they had not used anti-malaral medicines in their youth, they see no reason to spend the money. And when they come back they are sick with fever. Before reading Shah's explaination of limited local immunity (due to the specific mosquito and specific strain of malaria), and the lack of immunity that happens, when the individual is absent from the specific locality for period of time. Shah took me by the hand and lead me through the tangle of information to a point of understanding.

The levels of historical, geopolictical, scientific, and pharmacological links abound from:
* the rise and fall of the Roman empire
* the colonization of the New World
* the fate of various wars
* the influence on the American slave trade.

To anyone, who had an intrest in world history, history of medicine and/or contemporary world politics and enconomics; this is a must read.

Why four stars and not five?
1. Sometimes the writing style is not as inviting as I would like.
2. Some mention of the use of Rapid Malaria testing cassettes and their acceptance should have been made.
3. Some graphs, maps and pictures would have added to the matter.

But again a great effort and a worthy read.
CAD

[Cathy · Rating 5 out of 5]

A fascinating book about the history of Malaria. More than 300,000 million fall ill with Malaria each year with almost 1 million dying from it. I was surprised to learn that malaria didn't have a foothold in North America until it was brought here by slaves from Africa in the 1600s. Where Malaria is a part of life and endemic, people develop a level of immunity to it. The slaves stolen from Africa rarely became seriously ill, but the Europeans and Indigenous peoples who had never experienced an outbreak often died from it. Malaria affected people living in the South and as well in the north east of the USA and at one point in time it was felt that the "West" would never be populated because Malaria would kill most of the settlers on route. Malaria debilitated and killed enormous numbers of soldiers in the World Wars (both in Europe - Italy! and in the Pacific) and seriously sickened US troops in during the Vietnam war. I think the most enlightening parts of the book had to do with the actions of big pharma and the politics and economics of Malaria. I highly recommend this book.

[Lex · Rating 3 out of 5]

It's perhaps a little unfair to only rate this 3/5, but I'm knocking off points because there's been a lot of development between its publication in 2010 and now. But the parts that are the most valuable are the same as those still relevant from Infections and Inequalities by Paul Farmer (1999): interventions that fail to take cultural context into account and make use of medical anthropology are ill-fated.

Personally, if you have any background on malaria, it's the middle third of this book that you'll want to read and you can skip the rest. The Mosquito by Timothy Winegard and The American Plague by Molly Caldwell Crosby do a better job of filling in how mosquito-borne diseases have shaped human history, but the deep dive into the more recent cultural context of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia found here is unique and a useful scolding of paternalistic public health and NGOs, myself included.

One question Shah asks that remains to be answered today: how do we humans learn to coexist with malaria while protecting ourselves as we continue to adapt to to a changing and heated world?

[Shana Yates · Rating 3 out of 5]

This book was OK. The pros: good introduction into malaria, it's impact and longevity on human society, and the mechanisms of its infection and treatment. The cons: the author spends way too much time anthropomorphizing the parasite (and in doing so, hits all my pet peeves in discussing how the thing mutates and evolves and imbuing such changes with direction and forethought) and is sometimes a little disorganized. Overall, perfectly fine book if you'd like some context and history of malaria, but be prepared to have the author describe the parasite as plotting and maneuvering, rather than just describing the constant arms race all living things engage in (where the mutations are not intended or directed, but happen by accident and bestow increased survival and thus - without having aimed to do it - end up in the next generation).

[Edward · Rating 5 out of 5]

I thought at first this would be a dry book about the history of malaria. Far from it - an interesting survey of malaria - its symptoms, history, treatment. Malaria, through mosquitoes, has always been intertwined with human history, its politics, warfare, social aspirations. What the author seems to emphasize, and I agree, is that there is no ultimate cure or vaccine for malaria. It's always going to be with us, apparently, and progress against (both because of the adaptability of the parasite and human neglect and error) it is a matter of constant ongoing struggle. Victories will be partial at best.

[Lorraine M. Thompson · Rating 5 out of 5]

This is a must-read for anyone who is interested in malaria, its history and the world's current approach to treatment. I will give a more thorough review once my notes and I are in the same room. For now, I must say that this was one of the most well-written and well-researched book on malaria that I have read in a long time. Kudos to the author. The one thing I would encourage the author to do is to include drawings/ diagrams / photos which could have greatly facilitated the reader's understanding at a glance (I could image some really great caricatures that she could have included that would have gone well with her writing style).

[Michelle · Rating 3 out of 5]

(3.5 stars) This book is a chronicle of malaria. The author goes into the history of the disease, its complex lifecycle and how it has factored into the course of human history. She also relates some of the progress and failures in controlling it. While I knew some of the facts, the author came up with some intriguing new insights. For example, malaria led to demise of Scotland as a separate country, and some of the less well known impacts of the disease on the United States and the building of the Panama Canal. She also goes into the pitfalls of current aid efforts to knock out the disease in Africa. Overall, this was a thoughtful and interesting review.

[Kara Aragon · Rating 5 out of 5]

Five stars!! This book captured my interest and held it the entire time as I kept wanting to learn more more more... In fact I wish it was longer and even more detailed... Truly fascinating - but depressingly so.

This book touches on the science behind malaria though it is primarily on the history of the disease - one that is thoroughly interwoven with racism and greed. While it is infuriating, it is important to learn these truths.

[Alison · Rating 3 out of 5]

My family did not want to indulge me in discussing this book (because they are very fragile), but I swear this isn't some scare-your-pants-off Hot Zone thriller. It's just an interesting look at a disease that's been with us and shaped our civilizations and cultures since we were more great ape than human. Informative if a bit scattered in organization.

[Wendy · Rating 5 out of 5]

I really liked this book. I felt like I was learning but I wasn't bored for a second. However, I am not despondent about ever eradicating malaria. People are too stupid, selfish and greedy to all work together to get rid of it. I am angry at the world.