Have you ever come second in a race, losing by a head? Or come as a runner-up in a competition when there had to be a tiebreak? Or perhaps you have always played second fiddle in some plum role? Now add into this fantasy, the idea that your race was a once in a lifetime event, and one which only a handful of people would ever experience. How do you feel?
Now answer this question, "Who was the first person to land on the moon?" OK - Everybody knows it was Neil Armstrong. They might even know the date, 20th July 1969, and the name of the mission "Apollo 11". But only people who remember watching it on TV, and getting caught up in all the excitement, may remember who was the second man on the moon. For people of a certain age, it is akin to knowing what you were doing when President Kennedy got shot. Yet the "runner-up", who stepped on the moon's surface a mere 20 minutes after Neil Armstrong, was the next out of the module and down the ladder not because he was not the senior officer, but by a mere fluke. For technical reasons, he happened to be sitting further away in the spacecraft. He is rarely mentioned in the history books, yet this event has overshadowed his entire life. His name is Buzz Aldrin.
Magnificent Desolation: The Long Journey Home from the Moon is the second of two autobiographies written by Buzz Aldrin, the first being, "Return to Earth". Magnificent Desolation was transcribed by Ken Abraham, and published in June 2009. The words, "Beautiful, beautiful, magnificent desolation" were the first words spoken by Buzz Aldrin when he stepped onto the moon.
The book is partly a description of the technical aspects of the landing, and partly an overview of space travel not only before and since, but also its future prospects. Also, a large part of the book is a history of the fallout and repercussions of the mission for Buzz Aldrin on a personal level. It is a raw and frank account, with perhaps not as much bitterness as the reader might expect.
Many people were involved in the historic flight. John F. Kennedy had promised the American people, on 25th May 1961, that by the end of the decade they would have landed on the moon. Perhaps this was a rash promise. But it came about because of the political climate at the time - the competition with Russia - and was very much in tune with the burgeoning optimism at the beginning of the sixties, that anything was possible. And it became up to NASA to make it so.
"The National Aeronautics and Space Administration", or NASA, had been established in 1958 as a direct response to the Soviet launch of the world's first artificial satellite, "Sputnik 1" on October 4, 1957. On 12th April 1961, the newspapers world-wide were full of stories about the Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, who had orbited Earth. Not to be outdone amid throes of the Cold War, a USA astronaut made a sub-orbital ride 62 miles up to the edge of space on the 5th May. A mere 3 weeks later Kennedy made his momentous promise to the nation.
Mission followed mission, all carefully documented in this book. Usually a team of three would be chosen, the astronauts themselves being given little choice in the matter. It was not at that time a career choice to be an astronaut. Astronauts were cherry-picked from the Air Force, and given special training. Again, it was mere chance that Buzz Aldrin's name came up for this flight out of the super-fit, intelligent and trained officers who had been chosen for the scheme. Equally, it was chance that put astronaut Michael Collins a short distance away from the moon's surface, piloting the command spacecraft of "Apollo 11", "Columbia", after the undocking and separation of the lunar module, "Eagle", for the entire time. This third member of the team did not enter the "Eagle" or step onto the moon at all in this mission. And no, unsurprisingly, he doesn't always make it into the history books either.
Despite the historical content, Magnificent Desolation starts, as all good stories do, with an exciting event before subsequently backtracking. So it starts with a description of the landing itself, which dramatically came within seconds of failure. Buzz Aldrin says that when he and Neil Armstrong were ready in "Eagle", he noticed a pungent metallic smell,
"There in the dust on the floor on the right side of the cabin, lay a circuit breaker switch that had broken off... the broken switch had snapped off from the engine-arm circuit breaker - the vital breaker needed to send electrical power to the ascent engine that would lift Neil and me off the moon."
He deduced that one of the two astronauts must have bumped it accidentally with their cumbersome backpacks. It would have to be pushed back in again for the ascent engine to ignite, to get the astronauts back home. At this point in the text it becomes clear how much of a team effort this all was. He reported it to mission control, debating with Houston how to work around the circuit, in case it had to be left open. He knew that one key computer expert would either manage to calculate how to solve the problem, without using the circuit breaker, or else the whole mission would be aborted (and of course they would die.) His training clicked in. He left it with NASA and went to sleep.
Overnight he came up with a possible solution, wacky though it seemed; a humble felt-tipped pen! He inserted it into the small opening where the circuit breaker switch should have been pushed in,
"Sure enough the circuit breaker held. We were going to get off the moon after all. To this day I still have the broken circuit breaker switch and the felt-tipped pen I used to ignite our engines."
Not all of the space missions, by any means, were covered in glory. Buzz Aldrin reminds us that much later, on 1st February 2003, the "Columbia" space shuttle disintegrated shortly after its launch. All 7 aboard died. The three further shuttles which had been planned were immediately cancelled, and the decision was made that manned space missions would be phased out by 2010. What catastrophe had there been, which would result in such a tragedy? A tiny part of the insulating layer had broken off. This small piece would have weighed approximately one pound, yet it had disastrous ramifications. And it further demonstrated to both the author and the reader how trivial episodes could influence the success or failure of a mission.
An earlier disaster occurred on 11th April 1970, on "Apollo 13" - the 7th manned space flight, but only the second mission after the first moon landing. It is now classed by NASA as a "successful failure". Buzz Aldrin is adamant that NASA's first priority is always the safety of the astronauts. He was always certain that their lives would be uppermost and come first, irrespective of the potential lost opportunities for gaining knowledge, the financial implications etcetera. The example he cites is "Apollo 13", manned by Jim Lovell, John Swigert and Fred Haise. An oxygen tank exploded - then a second one also exploded. The electricity, heating, lights and water all went out as a consequence. Yet the astronauts themselves came home safely. Buzz Aldrin's personal experience of that time was going to sit with Jim Lovell's mother Blanche, as the events unfolded. Yes, it was an aborted lunar landing. But Buzz Aldrin calls it "a tremendous ending for a failed mission". And it has famously been made into a film.
Buzz Aldrin regards himself as enormously privileged to have had this experience. Yet it has almost wrecked his life. Immediately after the landing on the moon, the three astronauts were carted around, being displayed to cheering crowds of the public, on a seemingly relentless and endless world tour. Yet none of them were prepared or trained as diplomats or celebrities. They were dedicated Air Force officers, often good at working on their own, making quick decisions in stressful, sometimes intolerable situation. But this was a different sort of world.
As the years went on Buzz Aldrin's career plummeted. He was a public-relations tool for NASA, but ill-equipped for this in terms of his personality. He trained others, yet was unable to go on missions himself. He sometimes took jobs only remotely connected with his earlier experience, for instance selling cars for a living, because he had little money; astronauts were only paid according to their Air Force rank.
The reasons for this decline are further complicated. Buzz Aldrin began to struggle with clinical depression, which his mother had also suffered from. He reveals that his mother (whose maiden name, oddly, was "Moon") committed suicide, and he believes on reflection that it was mainly because she could not come to terms with the fact that her son had been to the moon, and the consequent exposure and fame.
The idea of an astronaut being somehow mentally or emotionally impaired was not an idea that would ever have been considered at the time. Bravely, Buzz Aldrin confirmed his clinical depression in public, thinking that by doing this he would be raising awareness for the problem, and support for its sufferers. However, he was then beset by another problem, the disease of alcoholism, which seemed to be a step too far for his family. His father was Air Force Colonel Edwin Eugene Aldrin Senior. (The author originally had the same name - "Buzz" was a nickname his family had given him in childhood. Later on he adopted it legally as his name.) Colonel Edwin Eugene Aldrin Senior rejected the whole notion of Buzz's alcoholism, apparently just wishing it would go away. He was enormously proud of his son's achievements in a military sense, however, even to having had a battle with the Post Office when the first commemorative stamps about the mission were issued. The caption was "First Man on the Moon", referring of course to Neil Armstrong. He wanted it to be altered to say, "First Men on the Moon"!
Buzz Aldrin himself bowed to pressure from family, friends and colleagues, and continued to deny his alcoholism until it nearly killed him. Making the fact known was heavily discouraged by NASA and largely hidden. Both conditions caused problems with his first two marriages, his career with the Air Force fell into ruins, and he found himself cancelling many talks and commitments either because he was in a drunken stupor, or immobile with depression. Buzz Aldrin says he owes his eventual recovery from these conditions to the continuing support from his second wife, Lois.
In recent years Buzz Aldrin has dedicated himself tirelessly to working towards future space exploration. He calls himself a "Space Evangelist", and the book is full of his plans,
"No other astronaut, active or inactive, was out in public trying to raise awareness about America's dying space program. We had the technology and the wherewithal to keep space exploration alive; the question was whether we have the will."
It is a long time since the American Government were willing to put any money into space exploration, and Buzz Aldrin feels this is very short-sighted. He talks about the Chinese, and their "taikonauts", feeling the irony of the giant steps China are now taking, while the USA seems unwilling to finance anything. Buzz Aldrin knows not only that the technology is there, but that more is ready to be developed, but the cash of course is not. Buzz Aldrin has invented a "Mars Cycler", which as its name suggests, is a kind of shuttle, using renewable rockets.
"One day my Mars Cycler will be put into practice; spaceports will be built along the way between Earth and Mars, and mankind will set up camp on Phobos, one of the moons of Mars, and then eventually on the red planet itself. Why? Because it is there, just waiting to be explored."
It is because "one-trip only" rockets have been used in the past, Buzz Aldrin believes, that the money has been (literally) burnt up, and also why space exploration gets such a bad press from environmentalists. He has started up his own company, the "Sharespace Lottery" believing that the money from this enterprising Space Tourism will fund future scientific endeavours.
"I believe that space travel will one day become as common as airline travel is today. I'm convinced, however, that the true future of space travel does not lie with government agencies - NASA is still obsessed with the idea that the primary purpose of the space program is science - but real progress will come from private companies competing to provide the ultimate adventure ride, and NASA will receive the trickle-down benefits."
Perhaps you know little about the Space Program other than the words,
"The Eagle has landed!" or
"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind."
Or even, "Houston, we have a problem," from the fated "Apollo 13" mission.
Or perhaps you know the two iconic photographs. One shows a footprint on the surface of the moon. Buzz Aldrin took this photograph spontaneously, as he was very taken with the way the fine dust arced according to the movements he made. He knew that the footprint would stay exactly the same for time immemorial, as there is no wind on the moon, and preserved the image on film. Another famous image is the "Visor shot", taken by Neil Armstrong with a Hasselblad camera, held at waist height, neither astronaut having the manual dexterity to operate cameras or see through the viewfinder what they were photographing. It is amazing in retrospect that some images like this are so superb.
In this one, there is a solitary astronaut on the moon's surface; his visor glows gold. Looking closely the visor shows a reflection of the "Eagle" lunar module, with the landing pad, Buzz's own shadow with the halo effect, several experiments the two had set up, and also Neil Armstrong taking the picture. It could be said to bear comparison with some of the greatest paintings in the world, in which the artist includes himself in the final work.
If you would like to know a little more behind the scenes, and to know what are the prospects for future space travel, then this book would be a good read for you. It is also interesting as a biography, on a human level, to see what such an experience can have on one individual. All astronauts who have been to the moon have dealt with this incredible experience; none have found it easy. Alan Bean, for instance, works out his dreams in almost mystical paintings. Buzz himself has said,
"I did not want "A giant leap for mankind" to be nothing more than a phrase from the past." And,
"I still get frustrated at times because I am a visionary often stymied by a bureaucratic maze."
He shares with his readers his vision of,
"A clean, green non-polluted Earth drawing on abundant space-tapped energy from our Sun, passenger travel to and from space for commercial and adventure activity, the step-by-step advance to Mars, even low-cost cycling missions to and from that planet and then beyond. All these goals are worth pursuing and well within our grasp."
So is it, after all, destined to be just a dream?