Much of the pleasure of this delightful comedy by William Shakespeare is to be found in its intelligence, for it is surely Shakespeare’s smartest love story. Theoretically, the main plot of this play relates to the thwarted love between the young nobleman Claudio of Florence and the beautiful Hero, the daughter of Leonato, Governor of Messina. But most readers and theatre-goers are more likely to focus on the sharp, crackling, freestyle verbal battles between Leonato’s niece Beatrice and the nobleman Benedick of Padua – whose expressed disdain for each other does nothing to conceal the fact that the two are falling rapidly and irretrievably in love.
As the play begins, Leonato learns from a messenger that he will soon receive a visit from Don Pedro, Prince of Aragon. The expected reunion of long-parted friends and family is an occasion for great joy. Beatrice, who is present at this news, asks immediately if Benedick, a friend of the Prince, will be coming there, too – though she makes sure to conceal her interest in Benedick behind a mask of disdain, saying that “He is a very valiant trencherman: he hath an excellent stomach.” The messenger sees only Beatrice’s disdain, stating, “I see, lady, the gentleman is not in your books.” Similarly, Benedick at another point early in the play invites his friends to scorn him if he can ever be described as “Benedick the married man.” Only as the play continues does one see how very much Benedick and Beatrice are in each other’s books, as they engage in an ongoing verbal battle that is truly “as merry as the day is long.”
It is against this backdrop that Don Pedro concocts a scheme. Saying to Leonato and Claudio that “I will tell you my drift,” Don Pedro – who clearly has seen the proverbial sparks flying between Beatrice and Benedick – sets forth a plan to make Beatrice and Benedick fall in love with one another.
Their plan goes well: just as Benedick is complaining that a once-confirmed fellow bachelor like Claudio – “He was wont to speak plain and to the purpose, like an honest man and a soldier” – has suddenly gone all love-sick, he gets to “overhear” his friends talk about how madly Beatrice loves him; and the prospect does not displease him as much as he might have expected. While Don Pedro pretends to believe that Benedick is forever impervious to Cupid’s proverbial arrows, saying of Benedick that “He hath a heart as sound as a bell”, Benedick finds himself confessing that “Gallants, I am not as I have been.” Hero meanwhile provides the same sort of subversive “service” on behalf of Beatrice, awakening in Beatrice a comparable degree of surprise and interest.
Humour in Shakespeare is often a response to the pain that life can bring, and Much Ado About Nothing is no exception in that regard. Beatrice, asked by Don Pedro why she has such a “merry heart,” says of her “merry heart” that “it keeps on the windy side of care.” She seems to sense that her humour is sometimes in danger of going over the top, asking Don Pedro’s pardon with a self-dismissive statement that “I was born to speak all mirth and no matter.” The pain that life can bring, and against which no mirth is altogether proof, becomes more apparent later in this play.
In a way, Don Pedro knows not how wisely he speaks when he jokingly counsels Hero to “Speak low, if you would speak love.” The Prince’s brother Don John – a malicious illegitimate brother, like Edmund from King Lear – wishes to prevent the marriage of Claudio and Hero. Why does he harbor this wish? For no apparent reason. His is the same kind of “motiveless malignity” that is sometimes said to motivate Iago from Othello – a wish to do wrong for the wrong’s sake, simply because it will make others as unhappy as he is. Don John is, in short, more a plot device than a character – in Alfred Hitchcock terms, the “McGuffin” of Much Ado About Nothing.
Don John’s malicious plan is to have his serving-man Borracho woo his lover Margaret while Margaret is wearing Hero’s clothes. Such a flimsy scheme would seem incapable of fooling everyone, and yet it comes off. At the wedding ceremony, Claudio accuses Hero of lascivious behaviour and publicly dishonours her in front of all the assembled nobility of Messina. It is agreed that, in response, the assembled party will spread the word that the disgraced Hero has died of grief, in hopes that Claudio will repent of his cruelty toward her. As the Friar who was to conduct the wedding says to Hero, “Come, lady, die to live. This wedding day/Perhaps is but prolonged.” The only question at that point, as far as I am concerned, is why Hero would ever want this spoiled-rotten young man back. To my mind, she is well shed of him.
A Shakespearean audience would have expected some “low comedy” to complement the “high comedy” of witty verbal dueling. In Much Ado About Nothing, that “low comedy” comes through the intercession of one Dogberry, a constable who seems incompetent enough to have founded the “Keystone Kops” all by himself -- and yet successfully solves the crime at the heart of this play's plotline.
Dogberry, who makes a point of asking his equally inept subordinates, “Are you good men and true?”, overhears Borracho boasting of the success of Don John’s scheme, and at once arrests him. There is a kind of rough democracy in all this; the well-educated nobles have no clue as to the evil in their midst, while the uneducated country cop detects the crime, apprehends the perpetrators, and restores the good. What Dogberry tells one of the watchmen before the arrest of Borracho – “You may say they are not the men you took them for” – turns out to be true of the conspirators. Equally true, in terms of Shakespeare’s ongoing theme of the consequences for those who embrace evil, is Dogberry’s statement that “they that touch pitch will be defiled.”
The awakening love between Beatrice and Benedick is another relationship that is threatened by Don John’s scheming against Hero and Claudio. Once Beatrice and Benedick have disclosed their love for one another, Benedick asks how he can prove his love for Beatrice, and her response is plain and simple: “Kill Claudio.” Benedick’s initial demurral – “Not for the wide world” – eventually becomes an acquiescence. Seeing the depth of Beatrice’s grief and anger – “O God, that I were a man! I would eat his heart in the marketplace!” – Benedick challenges Claudio to a duel to the death. It takes Claudio some time to understand that Benedick is serious – he seeks to placate Benedick by joking that “What though care killed a cat, thou hast mettle enough in thee to kill care” – but eventually both Claudio and Don Pedro realize that Benedick is “In most profound earnest.”
Seeing all of this grief at this point in the play – Leonato remarks that “there never yet was philosopher/That could endure the toothache patiently” – one might wonder that Master Will is able to resolve all of these plotlines comedically in Act V. In accordance with the declaration by Hero’s father Antonio that an injustice has occurred, and that “some of us will smart for it,” Don John and his accomplices are indeed held accountable. The marriage of Hero and Claudio is able to go forward. And Beatrice and Benedick’s relationship goes forward as well; the two are even caught writing love notes to each other, in spite of Benedick’s insistence that he is no good at the task, as he says, “I was not born under a rhyming planet.”
Much Ado About Nothing took on new significance for modern audiences through Kenneth Branagh’s 1993 film adaptation. Branagh and then-wife Emma Thompson make a marvelously suitable Benedick and Beatrice, and the formidable supporting cast includes Denzel Washington (Don Pedro), Michael Keaton (Dogberry), Keanu Reeves (Don John), and Kate Beckinsale (Hero). Filmed against the lush landscape of Tuscany (in contrast with the play’s Sicilian setting), Branagh’s motion picture captures beautifully the comic textures of Shakespeare’s play. But having read the play many times, and having seen it staged in London, I can testify that one need not depend upon Branagh’s fine film to enjoy this play. Much Ado About Nothing offers much to anyone who loves comedy that appeals to the mind as well as the heart.