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Talks with Mussolini

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This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

230 pages, Hardcover

First published June 23, 1932

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About the author

Emil Ludwig

436 books80 followers
Emil Ludwig (originally named Emil Cohn) was born in Breslau, now part of Poland. Ludwig studied law but chose writing as a career. At first he wrote plays and novella, but also worked as a journalist. In 1906, he moved to Switzerland, but, during World War I, he worked as a foreign correspondent for the Berliner Tageblatt in Vienna and Istanbul. He became a Swiss citizen in 1932, later emigrating to the United States in 1940.

At the end of the Second World War, he went to Germany as a journalist, and it is to him that we owe the retrieving of Goethe's and Schiller's coffins, which had disappeared from Weimar in 1943/44. He returned to Switzerland after the war and died in 1948, in Moscia, near Ascona.

During the 1920s, he achieved international fame for his popular biographies which combined historical fact and fiction with psychological analysis. After his biography of Goethe was published in 1920, he wrote several similar biographies, including one about Bismarck (1922–24) and another about Jesus (1928). As Ludwig's biographies were popular outside of Germany and were widely translated, he was one of the fortunate émigrés who had an income while living in the United States. His writings were considered particularly dangerous by Goebbels, who mentioned him in his journal.

Ludwig interviewed Benito Mussolini and on December 1, 1929 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. His interview with the founder of the Republic of Turkey appeared in Wiener Freie Presse in March 1930, addressing issues of religion and music. He also interviewed Joseph Stalin in Moscow on December 13, 1931. An excerpt from this interview is included in Stalin's book on Lenin. Ludwig describes this interview in his biography of Stalin. What was originally an omitted section of the interview by Joseph Stalin himself, Professor of Montclair State University Grover Furr had finally published an English version of it.

Ludwig's extended interviews with T.G. Masaryk, founder and longtime president of Czechoslovakia, appeared as Defender of Democracy in 1936.

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Displaying 1 - 16 of 16 reviews
Profile Image for Bayan.
9 reviews
February 15, 2025
عجب کتاب عمیقی بود. در این رشته گفتگوهای طولانی به درون ذهن بنیانگذار فاشیسم میروید، دنیا را آن جور میبینید که او دید. از تاریخ و هنر تا معماری و جامعه صحبت میشود. موسولینی شخصیتی کتاب خوانده است و دیدگاه هایش را به وضوح بیان می کند، لکنت زبان ندارد. زمان این گفتگو ها در دهه ۳۰ میلادی چندین سال پس از دست یافتنش به نخست وزیری است. این گفتگو ها ضرب آهنگ خوبی دارد و اگرچه دیدگاه های هردو طرف اکنون تا حدی غلط به نظر می‌رسند، اما شناخت خوبی حاصل می کنند. ترجمه معرکه است و اگر کمی به تاریخ علاقه دارید، کتاب برایتان زود تمام می‌شود.
Profile Image for Dimitri.
999 reviews254 followers
March 6, 2024
Ludwig in the introduction already warns us it will not be a Platonic dialogue, a history of fascism or a political debate... it's hard to say what we are left with, but any private-ish quote straight from Mussolini in his "power prime" before Abbysinia & Hitler has biographical value. As usual, dictators become dictators in part because they have charisma. In a dark suit, alone in a spacious but sparsely furnished office, neatly going through his daily administration and unwinding for a talk...sympatico.
Profile Image for Michael.
980 reviews174 followers
August 23, 2010
Emil Ludwig is a person who will confuse many readers who believe that they are familiar with history. He was born in what we now call Poland, but he was a German. He changed his name from "Cohn," but sources do not claim he was Jewish. What this book will bring out most, however, is that he had a profound respect for Mussolini as a leader, but he hated Nazism. Could he be a Fascist and anti-Nazi? Possibly, but he even appears unconvinced by Fascism as a system, he simply finds Mussolini, the Duce to be a great man of the 20th century.

It is important, of course, to understand when this book was written. The interviews were taken in 1929, a time when Fascism had ruled Italy for seven years, and Nazism was a virtually powerless minor party in Germany. By the time it was published, 1932, Hitler's star had begun to rise, but Mussolini was still the elder statesman. To that time, the Italian Fascists had focused primarily on domestic policy and putting their own house in order, not military adventurism (as they would in Ethiopia in 1936), nor on supporting budding Fascist movements in other countries (as both Germany and Italy would in Spain, also in 1936). Certainly there was repression of opinion in Italy, and especially persecution of Communism and anarchism, but many intellectuals felt that this might be necessary or even desirable at the time. Certainly Fascist Italy never indulged large-scale domestic racial or religious violence, as the Nazis were encouraging in Germany even before they came to power. Ludwig's feelings, which seem so alien and short-sighted to us today, were not really so out of place at the time.

What makes this book worth reading, then, is to gain some historical perspective on how a man history mostly regards as a fool could seem to be an inspiration to intelligent people, how the movement of Fascism appealed to contemporaries, and how people then perceived the differences between it and Nazism. It is also interesting to read an account of the many signs of "progress" Fascism brought to Italy, the many reforms and programs that were implemented to improve conditions, and the efforts to unify a state that still functioned largely provincially. It is safe to say that Ludwig was no prophet - he did not see the self-destructive role Mussolini would play in the Second World War or his many flaws clearly. Nevertheless, he gives us a portrait of the man as he presented himself to outsiders that gives valuable insight to the tenor of the times.
Profile Image for Marcello.
394 reviews5 followers
May 3, 2018
Libro davvero interessante, nel quale sono riportati alcuni colloqui tra lo scrittore tedesco Emil Ludwig e Benito Mussolini. È importante premettere che i dialoghi avvennero nel 1932, quindi prima delle leggi razziali e della seconda guerra mondiale: l'autore, pur dichiarandosi in contrasto con il Duce su alcune tematiche, ritiene che democrazia e parlamentarismo abbiano in quegli anni mostrato vari e notevoli limiti, e manifesta ammirazione per il modo in cui Mussolini sta reggendo l'Italia (arrivando addirittura a chiedergli di prendere l'iniziativa per fondare la nuova Europa). Proprio in questo credo che il libro riveli la sua importanza, in quanto aiuta a capire come il fascismo potesse essere visto in un determinato momento storico, in un contesto in cui soluzioni forti e autoritarie sembravano ad alcuni quasi un passaggio necessario per superare una fase di incertezza e difficoltà, rinunciando magari ad un po' di libertà e pluralismo al fine di dettare una linea di "bene comune" che, chiara ed univoca, si imponesse sul caos dei troppi interessi contrapposti (a questo proposito si veda il passaggio in cui Mussolini afferma che la cosiddetta libertà di stampa non era vera libertà, in quanto i differenti giornali non facevano che sostenere gli interessi di chi li finanziava). Ludwig cerca quasi di far dire a Mussolini che alcune posizioni da lui sostenute non sono altro che minacce e tatticisimi utilizzati per raggiungere obiettivi di buon governo, anziché veri propositi di azione politica: in particolare la guerra, che l'autore aborrisce e della quale tenta più volte di fare in modo che il Duce allontani lo spettro. Mussolini a mio avviso ne esce molto bene, sebbene il testo fosse stato da lui stesso prima emendato (ma questa edizione riporta la stesura originale) e successivamente limitato nella sua pubblicazione. Ludwig paradossalmente finisce quasi per diventare uno strumento di propaganda, in quanto con bello stile riporta l'immagine di un Mussolini eroe di estrazione proletaria, musicista, poeta, lettore e anche un po' letterato, politico sagace e uomo di Stato, smussando i lati spigolosi e sorvolando sulle macchie che dopo 10 anni al potere il fascismo aveva lasciato (ad esempio l'omicidio di Matteotti). A tale proposito viene utile la bella Nota introduttiva di Brunello Vigezzi, che nelle edizioni successive fu sostituita da un'Introduzione vergata da Indro Montanelli (che cercherò di leggere). Letto con le dovute premesse, lo reputo un libro che merita, nonché, come dice il sottotitolo, "un documento insostituibile e sconcertante".
Profile Image for Malihe63.
517 reviews11 followers
August 7, 2023
مصاحبه ساده ای بود البته جنبه هایی از ایده های موسولینی رو نشون میداد که جالب بود برام و دوستش داشتم
Profile Image for Javier.
184 reviews175 followers
September 27, 2018
«Qué es el orgullo? La conciencia de sí mismo».

Es realmente un excelente libro. Estas entrevistas tuvieron lugar antes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, por lo que se percibe a un Duce más enfocado en lo relacionado al interior de Italia que al resto del mundo. Así y todo, lo político es uno de los tantos temas que se tratan: música, filosofía, literatura, religión, historia, vida en sociedad... Allí, en lo más «cotidiano», es donde realmente brilla Ludwig, quien, utilizando la entrevista como pincel, nos pinta con maestría un retrato íntimo y poco conocido de Benito Mussolini, revelándolo como una de las principales personalidades del siglo XX.
Profile Image for Joren Steenput.
42 reviews2 followers
June 9, 2024
Een eenzame Cerberus met de drie koppen van Machiavelli, Nietzsche en Caesar.
Profile Image for Ali Shooshtari.
39 reviews
August 16, 2024
توقع داشتم بیشتر با پایه ها فاشیسم آشنا بشم اما گویی کتاب حالتی دارد که شما یک خودانگاره از شخص اول فاشیسم و عقاید او در بطن زندگی میخوانید پیشنهاد می‌کنم برای مراجعه به این کتاب اول پایه ها فاشیسم و روند ها سیاسی اجتماعی ان مطالعه شود .
5 reviews1 follower
February 29, 2024
مصاحبه دو شخص با دیدگاه هایی کاملا متفاوت رو در این کتاب می‌خونیم. که البته لودویگ به درستی سعی کرده دیدگاه و نظر های خودش رو بروز نده و همونطور که از عنوان کتاب پیداست، دیدگاه های موسیلینی رو نشر بده.
سطح بالای مطالعه و مطلع بودن از دنیای پیرامون این دو فرد در اون زمان هست که کیفیت و سطح مصاحبه رو خیلی بالا می‌بره.

در زندگینامه موسیلینی من یک دو قطبی و دوگانگی میبینم که خیلی برام جالب و عجیب هست.
اول اینکه مادر کاتولیک و فوق العاده متعصب به دین داشته و از طرفی پدرش یک روحانی ستیز و دین گریز بوده.
دوم، دوران جوانیش عضو حزب سوسیالیست بود و بر این باور بود که ایتالیا نباید وارد جنگ بشه از طرفی بعد چند وقت دیدگاهش عوض میشه و بر این باور میشه که ایتالیا باید در جنگ وارد بشه و در ادامه جنبش فاشیستی رو در ایتالیا پایه ریزی میکنه.
و اما مورد آخر که برای من جالب تر و سوال بر انگیز تر بود: این که موسیلینی خیلی اهل مطالعه و تفکر بود و همچنین از نحوه صحبتش در مصاحبه با لودویگ، خیلی شخص فرهیخته و اهل تفکری بنظر میومد. اما چطور بود که همچنین فردی، یکی خون‌ریز‌ ترین و بی‌رحم ترین دیکتاتور های قرن بیستم بود؟!
آخرین جمله کتاب سخنی از خود موسیلینی هست که میگه:
"هر کس همون جور میمیرد که با شخصیتش انطباق دارد."
موسیلینی در ۱۹۴۵ به همراه همسرش(؟) به فجیع ترین شکل ممکن کشته شد:)


کتاب به خوبی نحوه تفکرات موسیلینی رو منتقل میکنه. ترجمه هم خیلی روان هست و من ابهامی که خواننده رو گیج بکنه در کتاب ندیدم.

کتاب اونطوری نیست که خواننده خیلی مشتاق بشه به ادامه مطالعه. گرچه کتاب نوشته ای هست از یک مکالمه و هدف کتاب هم آشنایی با دیدگاه یک شخص هست و نمیشه انتظار یک کتاب سرگرم کننده رو داشت.
2 reviews
April 7, 2024
لودویگ هر چند در ابتدای کتاب با پیشبینی اشتباه در خصوص قدرت گرفتن فاشیسم در آلما خواننده رو ناامید میکنه اما بسیار باهوشه و گفتگو با موسولینی رو به خوبی پیش میبره و سوالات و بحث‌های فوق‌العاده‌ای رو شکل میده.

کتاب خسته کننده و یکنواخت نیست، نویسنده گریزی به تاریخ میزنه و در خصوص بناها ، شهرهای ایتالیا و دفتر کار موسولینی توصیفات مناسبی داره. وصف احوالات دیکتاتور ایتالیایی و زبان بدن اون هم در هنگامه‌ی گفتگو به جذابیت کتاب کمک کرده.

آشنایی با تفکر فاشیستی موسولینی نحوه‌ی مواجهه‌ی اون با مسائل و کشورداری و برخورد با اطرافیانیش جذابه و خواننده رو ترغیب به ادامه دادن کتاب میکنه.
Profile Image for Seyed Hashemi.
214 reviews95 followers
June 1, 2023
گفت‌وگوی امیل لودویگِ لیبرال با بنیتو موسولینیِ فاشیست؛ ترکیبی ناهمساز که اثری قابل اعتنا خلق کرد.

در این کتاب به صورت دست اول با شخصیت یکی از مهم‌ترین دیکتاتورهای قرن 20 آشنا می‌شویم. قرار نیست لزوماً در دایره ایدئولوژی پژوهی مهدی تدینی که بر تاریخ‌پژوهی پدیدارشناسانه‌ی نولته ابتناء دارد این اثر را بخوانیم و بفهمیم،بلکه می‌توان به عنوان تکه‌ای از آینه قرن 20 به این کتاب نگریست و تصویری از آن برهه‌ی مهم تاریخی را بازسازی کرد.
اما این کتاب بزرگترین بینشی که برای من به ارمغان آورد این بود که بزرگترین ایراد حکومت دیکتاتوری این نیست که شاید فردِ حاکم، رذل‌ترینِ افراد باشد که اغلب مواقع اینگونه است، بلکه این است که "هر قدرتی فاسد می‌کند و قدرت مطلق، مطلقاً فاسد می‌کند" حتی اگر دیکتاتورِ ما فاوست بخواند، طرفدار موسیقی بتهوون باشد، نیچه را از بر باشد و به تاریخ فلسفه و تعقل علاقه‌مند باشد. موسولینی با دارا بودن ویژگی‌های فوق از تمامیت‌خواه‌ترین و خونریزترین دیکتاتورهای تاریخ بوده‌است.
ترجمه این اثر بسیار روان بود و درجه یک. در تسلط تدینی به آلمانی همین بس که مترجم در جایی اشاره کرده‌بود که مشکل من در ترجمه، به فارسی نوشتن متن‌هایی است که می‌خواهم از آلمانی ترجمه کنم. مهدی تدینی در این کتاب خوب به فارسی نوشته‌است:)

کتاب با این گفته از موسولینی تمام شد: "هر کسی به همان شکلی می‌میرد که با شخصیتش انطباق دارد." خود موسولینی جالب مرد. خودتون گوگل کنید وضعیت مرگ این فرد رو!
پی‌نوشت: برای این به کتاب3 ستاره دادم که هیچ دلیل ندیدم ارزش بیشتری به گفته‌های این دیکتاتور فرهیخته! بدم. و الا اهمیت اثر، ترجمه و بقیه موارد در حد نمره کامل بود.
Profile Image for Lucia Graziano.
Author 5 books12 followers
April 20, 2024
Le cinque stelline, evidentemente, non dipendono dal fatto che mi piace la dottrina politica di Mussolini, ma dal fatto che mi piace molto il modo in cui Ludwig ha condotto l'intervista.
Emerge da queste pagine un Mussolini molto intimo, che esprime le sue idee senza tutta quella prosopopea che quasi sempre caratterizzava i suoi discorsi politici pubblici. L'intervistatore, ovviamente, non ha un ruolo da contestatore ma non scrive nemmeno con l'intenzione di comporre un'opera di propaganda (anzi, in alcuni passi non nasconde a Mussolini il suo garbato dissenso su certi temi): ne esce un buon lavoro, che dice molto sulla psicologia del personaggio.

L'intervista è stata condotta nel 1929, cioè in un periodo in cui il partito nazista era virtualmente inesistente, l'ipotesi di una seconda guerra mondiale suonava come una provocazione retorica e le leggi razziali probabilmente non erano neanche nell'anticamera del cervello degli Italiani. Quindi, chi si aspettasse di leggere commenti su questi temi resterebbe inevitabilmente deluso per ovvie ragioni. Resta comunque un documento storico di valore che secondo me dovrebbe essere fatto leggere più spesso (evidentemente, con il dovuto e doveroso accompagnamento).
Profile Image for Julio On Hiatus.
1,697 reviews115 followers
July 15, 2025
With fascism in the air, what better time to relive a classic conversation with the O.F., the Original Fascist? Emil Ludwig was the most famous biographer and journalist in Europe during the 1930s, so it's no wonder European leaders sought him out to expound their views to the world. (Ludwig also held a candid, if reluctant, conversation with Stalin; Hitler would not see him, Ludwig being a Jew.) Here Mussolini reminiscences on his impoverished childhood and Anarchist, atheist father, his experiences in the First World War which turned him from Socialist militant to ardent nationalist, his views on the death penalty, "to be used only in severe and exceptional cases", and anti-Semitism---the Duce boasts to Ludwig of how many Jews there are in the Italian Armed Forces high command, but this was before his "racial laws" of 1938 and the Pact of Steel with Hitler. Mussolini is often revealingly personal: "I cannot have friends. A man in my position cannot afford to have friends" and "I must allow myself to be stupid at least once a month". (Imagine Hitler or Stalin saying that!) A fascinating insight into the fascist beast.
26 reviews
December 6, 2025
One of the most fascinating portraits of a man i’ve ever read. A true man of energy, of will, of Providence, and of wisdom far beyond his years. My favourite of dozens of incredible quotes is when he speaks of a statesman needing imagination, how desperately we need some of that today.

I wish it went on for another 300 pages.
Profile Image for Chris Langer.
91 reviews14 followers
July 15, 2017
"It is to the crises I have had to pass through and to the difficulties I have had to surmount that I owe what I am." -Benito Mussolini.

This was a fantastic set of interviews that helped give a glimpse into the mind of Il Duce. I only wish I could read the diary he mentioned.
Profile Image for Morteza.
62 reviews
September 26, 2025
کتاب خوب و جالبیه ، واسه اونموقع‌ست که موسیلینی شخصیت خشن ولی محترمی بوده ، ترجمه هم بسیار عالی بود
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