This is breezy to read and is loosely written. So there are a lot of unfounded and confused claims; but there are also insightful ideas that a reader can get immediately, without having to slog through detailed philosophical argumentation to understand, as is the case in most philosophical texts. I'll present here the ideas that most attracted my attention in this book.
Collingwood distinguishes between "art" and "craft." In making a craft, like building a certain chair, there’s a predetermined end, or predetermined criteria that we aim to satisfy. But in art, there is no such plan in place; making any work of art is a radically individual and unique process, and so is the product. This is a familiar distinction, but Collingwood talks about it quite eloquently.
Collingwood gives a funky and fun genealogical story of the emergence of art in human history. He claims art arose from magical ritual. Anthropologists and scientists at his time liked to explain magic as misguided science; certain "primitive" people were just wrong about the causal laws of nature, and so thought that using voodoo dolls or rain dances, for example, could be causally effective in harming another person or getting weather changes. Against this, Collingwood argues that these "primitive" people were not aiming to causally intervene in the world in the way scientific research strives to make way for; instead, they took their magical rituals as means for riling up emotions or spirit. A war dance gets people riled up and motivated to fight. A rain dance gets people hopeful and willing to work harder at farmer. Collingwood claims that art emerged from people isolating particularly aesthetic features of magical ritual, like the visual appearance of spirit-masks, and placing these under scrutiny for evaluation not just for how efficacious these aesthetic features are in riling up emotion, but also for how beautiful or good they are, independently of any particular effects (but still embedded under the overall context of the aim to bring about certain emotions).
Paintings, theater, dance, music, etc. today preserve the overall role of magic for us today. They are media through which we can come to more intensely feel, reflect upon, or be with our emotions and attitudes towards important parts of real life. As imaginary worlds, we know what is represented has no direct causal connections with real life things; but we can take them to symbolically stand in for things in real life, and their artistic portrayal, our witnessing of that, can get us to subliminally or consciously think of the real life things anew, in light of their portrayal. Once we engage in art, it can show us new aims that we haven't quite realized we desire to undertake, or that are important to undertake, from before; or, it can increase our focus and motivation to carry out projects we've been familiar with. This is akin to the effects of magical ritual back in the day.
Collingwood provides a very interesting account of emotion. As a philosopher of art, not a philosopher of mind, and this account is only implicit. So while it is sketchy and imprecise, it is also innovative, and I think moreover, insightful. At the beginning of the onset of any emotion, we find our bodies overtaken by certain changes; we might feel our face flushed, and heart pounding, for example. But we don’t know what emotion this is. This state of being overtaken by something whose identity we do not know makes us feel “oppressed” and “helpless”, to use Collingwood’s words, and we are motivated to escape this oppression. We do that by figuring out what the emotion is. Collingwood calls this the expression of emotion. The paradigm of the activity of expression is the creation of artwork. A poet might start off with a foreign feeling, and finds words and images through which to express the feeling.
Unfortunately, Collingwood’s definition of expression as a whole is quite vague; he defines it only by analogy to what artists do. He just claims that our becoming aware of what emotion it is that has overtaken us is identical to the process of our creating or expressing this emotion. He also ultimately claims, quite grandly I think, that every person is an artist, insofar as we all make our emotions conscious to ourselves.
But we may analyze for ourselves what might be truthful in this analogy. This implies that at the onset of emotion, that when we feel something stirring in our hearts or bodies, there is no particular emotion (e.g., anger, fear, happiness, etc.) which is the emotion that we’re feeling at the beginning. No, it is we who are active participants, creators, in the process of articulating or expressing an emotion. This seems right. There are psychological studies that show that depending upon what contextual cues are fed to a participant, the same bodily arousal can result into different emotions.
Would recommend this book to anyone who's interested in hearing an insightful philosopher's big takes on the role of art in our lives, which is also easy to read, but whose claims are often imprecise and unargued for. This is overall refreshing to read, as a contrast to the manner of much contemporary philosophy of art, which can be bogged down by debates on little issues, like the necessary and sufficient conditions for a certain artistic medium, or in what sense fictional characters are "real."