A HISTORICAL STUDY OF THE EVIDENCE FOR THE ‘CHRISTMAS STORY’
Paul L. Maier wrote in the Preface to this 1971 book, “Although little is known of the birth of Jesus Christ outside the New Testament, the full story of the first Christmas is not limited to the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. Many important aspects of the event come into sharper focus when history, geography, archaeology, and even astronomy shed their light on the Nativity. In offering this evidence, these chapters deal less with the familiar story of Jesus’ birth and more with its background. They try to tell the UN-familiar story of the first Christmas by exploring the nooks and crannies of the past for fresh information and interesting sidelights on the Nativity. Stripping away the layers of legend and folklore which nineteen centuries have imposed on the famous event, this Christmas documentary will aim to tell ‘how it really was’ in the world of the nativity, providing some insights which are well known, some little known, and some new. No liberties were taken with the facts…”
He notes, “That Mary ever had to endure the rigors of this eighty-mile journey on the back of a jogging donkey while in a state of very advanced pregnancy has been doubted by some scholars. Rome never ordered her subjects to return to their original homes for such enrollments, they claim, and Luke must have garbled his facts. But this view has been disproved by the discovery of a Roman census edict from 104 A.D. in neighboring Egypt, in which taxpayers who were living elsewhere were ordered to return to their original homes for registration.” (Pg. 16) He continues, “The census mentioned in the Christmas story was probably a provincial enrollment associated with the citizens’ census of 8 B.C., but apparently the machinery necessary to take it in far-off Palestine was not prepared until about 5 B.C. is some three years too early for the birth of Christ.” (Pg. 19)
He states, “Under the assumption that it must have taken even a divine-human baby the normal term to develop, Christendom appointed March 25 (exactly nine months before December 25) as the Feast of the Annunciation, when Jesus was also conceived. The emphasis, however, is not on any calendar precision---the exact date of the Nativity is unknown---but on the commemoration itself.” (Pg. 34)
He explains, “the first Christmas happened ‘in the fullness of tine’ … But precisely WHEN was that time? Unfortunately, there is no exact answer. Ironically, the event… is itself almost undatable. ‘Everyone knows’ Jesus must have been born on December 25, A.D., but it is not quite that simple, and certainly this date is wrong. For Herod the Great died in the spring of 4 B.C., and the king was very much alive during the visit of the Magi in the Christmas story. Therefore Jesus would have to have been born before this time…. While Jesus may have been born as early as 7 B.C., such earlier datings for the Nativity would make him a little too old for the ‘about thirty years of age’ when he began his public ministry in 28-29 A.D. Unfortunately, it is not possible to work back to any exact date for Jesus’ birth from any later information about his adult life.” (Pg. 39-40)
He observes, “the first governor of Syria, Publius Sulpicius Quirinius, is known from Roman records. He had been a consul, with military and business successes to his credit… But when was he governor of Syria? Not until 6-7 A.D., according to ancient records, which is ten years too late for the Nativity census… However, an archaeological inscription suggests that Quirinius may have had an earlier term as governor, or at least a special commission to carry out such a census, since he was in the East at the time, also as military commander. Other scholars suggest an alternate reinterpretation of Luke’s text: ‘This census was first really carried out when Quirinius was governor of Syria,’ i.e., a decade later than the preliminary census during the reign of Herod.” (Pg. 41)
He asks, “Why is Christmas celebrated on December 25? The early Christian church seems to have observed the birth of Christ on January 6 in the East, and on December 25 in the West, but both practices began too late---the 300’s A.D.---to warrant attaching any precision to these dates. Probably it was a matter of substitution. The Romans of the time not only celebrated their Saturnalia festival at the close of December, but they also thought that December marked the date of the winter solstice (instead of December 21) when they observed the pagan feast of Sol Invictus, the Unconquerable Sun, which was just in the act of turning about to aim northward once again. Christianity sought to replace these pagan festivals with a Christian celebration honoring the ‘sun of righteousness,’ a common epithet for Jesus as Messiah. Yet Christmas, even with its Christian name, has never been able to shake off the secular part of this end-of-the-year festival. But all of this should not obscure the fact that, according to the best reckoning, Jesus may indeed have been born in the winter of 5-4 B.C.” (Pg. 42-43)
He suggests, “There is evidence that someone in Bethlehem relented and offered more normal accommodations to Joseph, Mary, and the newborn Jesus. For by the time the wise men arrived to present their gifts, the Holy Family seems to have been living in a ‘house’ (Mt 2:11). Or as happens on many vacation trips today, the motel vacancies which are nonexistent the night a traveler arrives because he failed to call ahead for reservations quickly materialize the next day.” (Pg. 48)
Of the Church of the Nativity, he comments, “the dominant question in the mind of any thinking contemporary visitor to the shrine must be this: did it all really happen HERE---at this spot?... the surprising answer lurks somewhere between ‘Possibly’ and ‘Quite probably.’… nothing is more important in establishing the authenticity of an ancient site than antiquity: the place must have been regarded as such from earliest times… Constantine the Great, the first Christian emperor of Rome, erected the original church of the Nativity at this place in 326 A.D., over the very grotto which had been identified as the true site by the early church father Origen and before him the Justin Martyr, writing in 150 A.D. They stated that Jesus was born in a cave which was used as a stable---not the typical stone or wooden stable so familiar in Christmas art.” (Pg. 55-56)
He observes, “How much time elapsed between the adoration of the shepherds and the visit of the Magi is not known, but the mysterious men from the East do not seem to have arrived until after Jesus’ presentation at the Temple in Jerusalem, forty days after he was born. Unfortunately, little more is known of the Magi than of the shepherds. ‘We three kings of orient are…’ So the beloved Christmas carol begins, but already it has made at least three errors. First, how many Wise Men made the trip to Bethlehem is not known. And they were not ‘kings.’ And they did not come from as far away as the ‘Orient,’ that is, the Far East.” (Pg. 66) He continues, “Tradition … has placed their number at three, probably because of the three gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh… the assumption being one gift---one giver. But some earlier traditions make quite a caravan of their visit, setting their number as high as twelve.” (Pg. 66)
Of the Star of Bethlehem, he argues, “The following … is a possible astronomical reconstruction of what happened that first Christmas. The remarkable conjunctions of Jupiter and Saturn in 7-6 B.C. alerted the Magi to important developments in Palestine, for the astrological significance closely paralleled what they had learned from Hebrew lore about a star heralding the expected Messiah. The comet of 5 B.C. … dramatically underscored this interpretation and sent them on their way, while it was the nova (or comet) of 4 B.C…. which appeared after they had reached Jerusalem and were seeking further information from Herod… That the star ‘went before them till it came to rest over the place where the child was’ need not imply any sudden visible movements on the part of the astral phenomena. Because of the rotation of the earth, anything in the night sky appears to move generally westward as the night progresses… So when it reached a zenith in the skies over Bethlehem, the gleaming blue-white) star of Christmas would indeed have seemed to stop for the Magi as they reached their destination.” (Pg. 80-81)
This book will be of great interest to anyone studying Jesus’ life, and the origin of the Christmas festival.