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The Power of Movement in Plants
CHAPTER I.
THE CIRCUMNUTATING MOVEMENTS OF SEEDLING PLANTS.
Brassica oleracea, circumnutation of the radicle, of the arched hypocotyl whilst still buried beneath the ground, whilst rising above the ground and straightening itself, and when erect--Circumnutation of the cotyledons-- Rate of movement--Analogous observations on various organs in species of Githago, Gossypium, Oxalis, Tropaeolum, Citrus, Aesculus, of several Leguminous and Cucurbitaceous genera, Opuntia, Helianthus, Primula, Cyclamen, Stapelia, Cerinthe, Nolana, Solanum, Beta, Ricinus, Quercus, Corylus, Pinus, Cycas, Canna, Allium, Asparagus, Phalaris, Zea, Avena, Nephrodium, and Selaginella...10-66
CHAPTER II.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE MOVEMENTS AND GROWTH OF SEEDLING PLANTS.
Generality of the circumnutating movement--Radicles, their circumnutation of service--Manner in which they penetrate the ground--Manner in which hypocotyls and other organs break through the ground by being arched-- Singular manner of germination in Megarrhiza, etc.--Abortion of cotyledons- -Circumnutation of hypocotyls and epicotyls whilst still buried and arched- -Their power of straightening themselves--Bursting of the seed-coats-- Inherited effect of the arching process in hypo- [page vi.] gean hypocotyls--Circumnutation of hypocotyls and epicotyls when erect-- Circumnutation of cotyledons--Pulvini or joints of cotyledons, duration of their activity, rudimentary in Oxalis corniculata, their development-- Sensitiveness of cotyledons to light and consequent disturbance of their periodic movements--Sensitiveness of cotyledons to contact...Page 67-128
CHAPTER III.
SENSITIVENESS OF THE APEX OF THE RADICLE TO CONTACT AND TO OTHER IRRITANTS.
Manner in which radicles bend when they encounter an obstacle in the soil-- Vicia faba, tips of radicles highly sensitive to contact and other irritants--Effects of too high a temperature--Power of discriminating between objects attached on opposite sides--Tips of secondary radicles sensitive--Pisum, tips of radicles sensitive--Effects of such sensitiveness in overcoming geotropism--Secondary radicles--Phaseolus, tips of radicles hardly sensitive to contact, but highly sensitive to caustic and to the removal of a slice--Tropaeolum--Gossypium--Cucurbita--Raphanus--Aesculus, tip not sensitive to slight contact, highly sensitive to caustic--Quercus, tip highly sensitive to contact--Power of discrimination--Zea, tip highly sensitive, secondary radicles--Sensitiveness of radicles to moist air-- Summary of chapter...129-200
CHAPTER IV.
THE CIRCUMNUTATING MOVEMENTS OF THE SEVERAL PARTS OF MATURE PLANTS.
Circumnutation of concluding remarks on--Circumnutation of aid thus afforded in winding amongst the stems of surrounding plants-- Circumnutation of flower-stems--Circumnutation of Dicotyledonous leaves-- Singular oscillatory movement of leaves of Dionaea--Leaves of Cannabis sink at night--Leaves of Gymnosperms--Of Monocotyledons--Cryptogams--Concluding remarks on the circumnutation of leaves; generally rise in the evening and sink in the morning...201-262 [page vii.]
CHAPTER V.
MODIFIED CLIMBING PLANTS; EPINASTIC AND HYPONASTIC MOVEMENTS.
Circumnutation modified through innate causes or through the action of external conditions--Innate causes--Climbing plants; similarity of their movements with those of ordinary plants; increased amplitude; occasional points of difference--Epinastic growth of young leaves--Hyponastic growth of the hypocotyls and epicotyls of seedlings--Hooked tips of climbing and other plants due to modified circumnutation--Ampelopsis tricuspidata-- Smithia Pfundii--Straightening of the tip due to hyponasty--Epinastic growth and circumnutation of the fl
THE CIRCUMNUTATING MOVEMENTS OF SEEDLING PLANTS.
Brassica oleracea, circumnutation of the radicle, of the arched hypocotyl whilst still buried beneath the ground, whilst rising above the ground and straightening itself, and when erect--Circumnutation of the cotyledons-- Rate of movement--Analogous observations on various organs in species of Githago, Gossypium, Oxalis, Tropaeolum, Citrus, Aesculus, of several Leguminous and Cucurbitaceous genera, Opuntia, Helianthus, Primula, Cyclamen, Stapelia, Cerinthe, Nolana, Solanum, Beta, Ricinus, Quercus, Corylus, Pinus, Cycas, Canna, Allium, Asparagus, Phalaris, Zea, Avena, Nephrodium, and Selaginella...10-66
CHAPTER II.
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE MOVEMENTS AND GROWTH OF SEEDLING PLANTS.
Generality of the circumnutating movement--Radicles, their circumnutation of service--Manner in which they penetrate the ground--Manner in which hypocotyls and other organs break through the ground by being arched-- Singular manner of germination in Megarrhiza, etc.--Abortion of cotyledons- -Circumnutation of hypocotyls and epicotyls whilst still buried and arched- -Their power of straightening themselves--Bursting of the seed-coats-- Inherited effect of the arching process in hypo- [page vi.] gean hypocotyls--Circumnutation of hypocotyls and epicotyls when erect-- Circumnutation of cotyledons--Pulvini or joints of cotyledons, duration of their activity, rudimentary in Oxalis corniculata, their development-- Sensitiveness of cotyledons to light and consequent disturbance of their periodic movements--Sensitiveness of cotyledons to contact...Page 67-128
CHAPTER III.
SENSITIVENESS OF THE APEX OF THE RADICLE TO CONTACT AND TO OTHER IRRITANTS.
Manner in which radicles bend when they encounter an obstacle in the soil-- Vicia faba, tips of radicles highly sensitive to contact and other irritants--Effects of too high a temperature--Power of discriminating between objects attached on opposite sides--Tips of secondary radicles sensitive--Pisum, tips of radicles sensitive--Effects of such sensitiveness in overcoming geotropism--Secondary radicles--Phaseolus, tips of radicles hardly sensitive to contact, but highly sensitive to caustic and to the removal of a slice--Tropaeolum--Gossypium--Cucurbita--Raphanus--Aesculus, tip not sensitive to slight contact, highly sensitive to caustic--Quercus, tip highly sensitive to contact--Power of discrimination--Zea, tip highly sensitive, secondary radicles--Sensitiveness of radicles to moist air-- Summary of chapter...129-200
CHAPTER IV.
THE CIRCUMNUTATING MOVEMENTS OF THE SEVERAL PARTS OF MATURE PLANTS.
Circumnutation of concluding remarks on--Circumnutation of aid thus afforded in winding amongst the stems of surrounding plants-- Circumnutation of flower-stems--Circumnutation of Dicotyledonous leaves-- Singular oscillatory movement of leaves of Dionaea--Leaves of Cannabis sink at night--Leaves of Gymnosperms--Of Monocotyledons--Cryptogams--Concluding remarks on the circumnutation of leaves; generally rise in the evening and sink in the morning...201-262 [page vii.]
CHAPTER V.
MODIFIED CLIMBING PLANTS; EPINASTIC AND HYPONASTIC MOVEMENTS.
Circumnutation modified through innate causes or through the action of external conditions--Innate causes--Climbing plants; similarity of their movements with those of ordinary plants; increased amplitude; occasional points of difference--Epinastic growth of young leaves--Hyponastic growth of the hypocotyls and epicotyls of seedlings--Hooked tips of climbing and other plants due to modified circumnutation--Ampelopsis tricuspidata-- Smithia Pfundii--Straightening of the tip due to hyponasty--Epinastic growth and circumnutation of the fl
492 pages, Kindle Edition
First published January 1, 1880
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About the author
Charles Darwin
2,387 books3,429 followersCharles Robert Darwin of Britain revolutionized the study of biology with his theory, based on natural selection; his most famous works include
On the Origin of Species
(1859) and
The Descent of Man
(1871).
Chiefly Asa Gray of America advocated his theories.
Works of Jacques Martin Barzun include Darwin, Marx, Wagner (1941).
Charles Robert Darwin, an eminent English collector and geologist, proposed and provided scientific evidence of common ancestors for all life over time through the process that he called. The scientific community and the public in his lifetime accepted the facts that occur and then in the 1930s widely came to see the primary explanation of the process that now forms modernity. In modified form, the foundational scientific discovery of Darwin provides a unifying logical explanation for the diversity of life.
Darwin developed his interest in history and medicine at Edinburgh University and then theology at Cambridge. His five-year voyage on the Beagle established him as a geologist, whose observations and supported uniformitarian ideas of Charles Lyell, and publication of his journal made him as a popular author. Darwin collected wildlife and fossils on the voyage, but their geographical distribution puzzled him, who investigated the transmutation and conceived idea in 1838. He discussed his ideas but needed time for extensive research despite priority of geology. He wrote in 1858, when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay, which described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication.
His book of 1859 commonly established the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature. He examined human sexuality in Selection in Relation to Sex , and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals followed. A series of books published his research on plants, and he finally examined effect of earthworms on soil.
A state funeral recognized Darwin in recognition of preeminence and only four other non-royal personages of the United Kingdom of the 19th century; people buried his body in Westminster abbey, close to those of John Herschel and Isaac Newton.
Her fathered Francis Darwin, astronomer George Darwin, and politician, economist and eugenicist Leonard Darwin.
(Arabic: تشارلز داروين)
Chiefly Asa Gray of America advocated his theories.
Works of Jacques Martin Barzun include Darwin, Marx, Wagner (1941).
Charles Robert Darwin, an eminent English collector and geologist, proposed and provided scientific evidence of common ancestors for all life over time through the process that he called. The scientific community and the public in his lifetime accepted the facts that occur and then in the 1930s widely came to see the primary explanation of the process that now forms modernity. In modified form, the foundational scientific discovery of Darwin provides a unifying logical explanation for the diversity of life.
Darwin developed his interest in history and medicine at Edinburgh University and then theology at Cambridge. His five-year voyage on the Beagle established him as a geologist, whose observations and supported uniformitarian ideas of Charles Lyell, and publication of his journal made him as a popular author. Darwin collected wildlife and fossils on the voyage, but their geographical distribution puzzled him, who investigated the transmutation and conceived idea in 1838. He discussed his ideas but needed time for extensive research despite priority of geology. He wrote in 1858, when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay, which described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication.
His book of 1859 commonly established the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature. He examined human sexuality in Selection in Relation to Sex , and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals followed. A series of books published his research on plants, and he finally examined effect of earthworms on soil.
A state funeral recognized Darwin in recognition of preeminence and only four other non-royal personages of the United Kingdom of the 19th century; people buried his body in Westminster abbey, close to those of John Herschel and Isaac Newton.
Her fathered Francis Darwin, astronomer George Darwin, and politician, economist and eugenicist Leonard Darwin.
(Arabic: تشارلز داروين)
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Displaying 1 - 7 of 7 reviews
November 12, 2017
I heart Darwin. I do. I knew going in that this was going to be a dry and tough read, but the book has personal meaning to me so I thought I could do it. I can't. Life's too short to read this one in full.
March 17, 2016
These are classic experiments about phototropism. A fascinating view of a scientific mind at work. Elegant reasoning, curiosity and creativity. The next big advance in the field came almost a century after, with molecular biology and genetics.
June 24, 2015
Shellac. Lamp blacking. Olive oil. Pins (various). Glass fibers. Darwin's classic examination of plant movements (or "circumnutation") in response to such stimuli as light, gravity, temperature, and moisture, also offers a nostalgic look back at the nineteenth-century beginnings of modern plant science. Darwin's findings challenged the traditional distinction between plants and animals, a distinction that had more or less endured since Aristotle authored it. Darwin compares cotyledons arching in order to break through the ground to a man arching his back in order to lift a heavy load of hay; he asserts that plants' tips above-ground are equivalent to animal eyes, and that their root-tips are cognitive centers. A somewhat tedious read if one concentrates on the details of how Trifolium circumnutates differently from Mimosa, but the plant movement "maps" are fascinating.
May 31, 2015
Lots of raw data that demonstrates Darwin ' s meticulous nature. The summaries of the data are the more interesting and readable parts of the book. The descriptions of his experimental methods are also very interesting.
February 28, 2015
Interesting insight into plant psychology
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October 27, 2015Cool. Nothing to really say about it. It's plant physiology from a long time ago, pretty much.
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Displaying 1 - 7 of 7 reviews