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The Case of the Pope: Vatican Accountability for Human Rights Abuse
In The Case of the Pope Geoffrey Robertson delivers a devastating indictment of the way the Vatican has run a secret legal system that shields pedophile priests from criminal trial around the world. Is the Pope morally or legally responsible for the negligence that has allowed so many terrible crimes to go unpunished? Should he and his seat of power, the Holy See, continue to enjoy an immunity that places them above the law? Geoffrey Robertson , a distinguished human rights lawyer and judge, evinces a deep respect for the good works of Catholics and their church. But, he argues, unless Pope Benedict XVI can divest himself of the beguilements of statehood and devotion to obsolescent canon law, the Vatican will remain a serious enemy to the advance of human rights.
228 pages, Paperback
First published September 8, 2010
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Displaying 1 - 30 of 40 reviews
September 3, 2011
This is by no means an enjoyable read. The prose is not elegant, the points are without humor; Robertson takes his task very seriously. The Case of the Pope addresses a horrifying problem in our world, and you will likely find yourself angry that so little has been done to address it. But make no mistake that, by the time you finish this, you will understand the priests who commit the crimes, the efforts by the Holy See to ensure they go unpunished, and why it has no right to do so. At times, the book may seem repetitive, covering what may seem to be the same point multiple times. But it becomes apparent that every paragraph addresses a specific facet of this complicated mess. I found the discussion of the definition of a state to be enlightening, even irrespective of its massive importance to the case at hand. Though I may have been put off by it, I would consider this to be a strength of this book: The religious beliefs of Catholicism are entirely left alone. No criticism is made of them. It is the Vatican that is on trial. Overall it is comprehensive, the arguments are airtight. Anyone interested in sex abuse in the church should absolutely read this, and every citizen of the world should be very concerned about sex abuse.
December 5, 2025
The Pope in the title of the book is Joseph Ratzinger, Pope Benedict XVI, who was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City from 2005 until his resignation in 2013.
Tens of thousands of children were sexually abused by priests around the world and this has never been recognised as a human rights violation by the United Nations, by countries such as the USA and UK, and by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. These Catholic priests have been dealt with by secret ecclesiastical courts that don't provide real punishments and do provide opportunities to re-offend.
The main reason that there's been no criminal prosecutions for violating human rights is because the Catholic Church in its guise as The Holy See / The Vatican claims the right to operate these ecclesiastical courts as part of its 'statehood' privileges without interference from other groups and organisations.
In particular, the organisation within The Holy See that required these sexual abuse complaints to be heard by ecclesiastical courts in secret and withheld from police and courts was called the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) and Joseph Ratzinger was the head of the CDF from 1981 to 2005.
The Pope was able to claim sovereign immunity, but this book suggests that The Pope should not be the one person in the world who is above the law.
Tens of thousands of children were sexually abused by priests around the world and this has never been recognised as a human rights violation by the United Nations, by countries such as the USA and UK, and by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. These Catholic priests have been dealt with by secret ecclesiastical courts that don't provide real punishments and do provide opportunities to re-offend.
The main reason that there's been no criminal prosecutions for violating human rights is because the Catholic Church in its guise as The Holy See / The Vatican claims the right to operate these ecclesiastical courts as part of its 'statehood' privileges without interference from other groups and organisations.
In particular, the organisation within The Holy See that required these sexual abuse complaints to be heard by ecclesiastical courts in secret and withheld from police and courts was called the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) and Joseph Ratzinger was the head of the CDF from 1981 to 2005.
The Pope was able to claim sovereign immunity, but this book suggests that The Pope should not be the one person in the world who is above the law.
January 12, 2011
Things you will learn from this book:
What is the catholic child abuse scandal, how big is it, and what has been the catholic churches response to it?
Is the Vatican legally accountable, is it a state, and if it was does that give it immunity?
How are the abusive preists getting away with it, what is cannon law, and how does it protect them?
In my view, no one can claim to be literate on these questions until they have read this book. The history of the scandal is laid out cogently and clearly, as well as the popes continual obfuscation and the media manipulation that tried to continue the cover up even once it was exposed.
The process of the cover up, and the hypocrisies of canon law, that allows an admission of peadophilia as an air tight defense, restrains everyone involved in the farcical process to "perpetual silence" on threat of excommunication, and has said excommunication as it's worst possible punishment, almost never given except to those who expose the rapists to the law, these are shown to be only an obscene parody of law. Robertson shows how the Vatican has claimed that this is the only law to which preists should be subject, and shows us why this isn't a law at all in any meaningful seanse.
Robbertson then gives us the history of the vatican as a sovereign state, and shows why it does not fullfill the requirements of statehood under international law, as well as how it has used it's pretense of statehood to retard the fight for human rights, especially for women and sexual minorities, throughout the world.
The legal sections occasionally get bogged down in acronyms and references, but the book still remains remarkably clear in it's analysis and the narrative it builds around the events of the scandal.
What is the catholic child abuse scandal, how big is it, and what has been the catholic churches response to it?
Is the Vatican legally accountable, is it a state, and if it was does that give it immunity?
How are the abusive preists getting away with it, what is cannon law, and how does it protect them?
In my view, no one can claim to be literate on these questions until they have read this book. The history of the scandal is laid out cogently and clearly, as well as the popes continual obfuscation and the media manipulation that tried to continue the cover up even once it was exposed.
The process of the cover up, and the hypocrisies of canon law, that allows an admission of peadophilia as an air tight defense, restrains everyone involved in the farcical process to "perpetual silence" on threat of excommunication, and has said excommunication as it's worst possible punishment, almost never given except to those who expose the rapists to the law, these are shown to be only an obscene parody of law. Robertson shows how the Vatican has claimed that this is the only law to which preists should be subject, and shows us why this isn't a law at all in any meaningful seanse.
Robbertson then gives us the history of the vatican as a sovereign state, and shows why it does not fullfill the requirements of statehood under international law, as well as how it has used it's pretense of statehood to retard the fight for human rights, especially for women and sexual minorities, throughout the world.
The legal sections occasionally get bogged down in acronyms and references, but the book still remains remarkably clear in it's analysis and the narrative it builds around the events of the scandal.
August 1, 2011
This book is an indictment of the handling of the child abuse scandal within the Catholic church and the Vatican’s – and Pope Benedict XVI’s contribution as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith before he was elected to the Papacy – in covering up the allegations and obstructing the criminal justice system in the countries that abuse occurred.
Geoffrey Robertson QC is not a fundamentalist atheist with an axe to grind against the Catholic Church: this book contains an attack upon the absurd sensationalist headlines of the tabloid press in the ‘bid to have the Pope arrested’, as well as Robertson defending many Catholic groups and individuals in his capacity as one of the world’s foremost human rights lawyers. He takes care to express the many good works that the Catholic Church carries out around the world in the name of charity for instance. Neither does he agree that the moral outrage expressed in the tabloid press that all paedophiles must be vilified and demonised, and imprisoned for long spells under all circumstances; again Robertson has defended paedophiles in his capacity as a lawyer and expresses the view that some are more in need of treatment and understanding first and punishment as a secondary aspect of their crimes.
What this book does show is that as Cardinal Ratzinger - and then as Benedict XVI – the current Pope was complicit at every stage in preventing incidences of child abuse from coming to light and preventing criminal action being taken against the Catholic clergy that committed these acts. It is a very well written and thought provoking tract that – with the exception of the appendices – does not descend into legal jargon that those of us without a law degree would find difficult to follow.
Geoffrey Robertson QC is not a fundamentalist atheist with an axe to grind against the Catholic Church: this book contains an attack upon the absurd sensationalist headlines of the tabloid press in the ‘bid to have the Pope arrested’, as well as Robertson defending many Catholic groups and individuals in his capacity as one of the world’s foremost human rights lawyers. He takes care to express the many good works that the Catholic Church carries out around the world in the name of charity for instance. Neither does he agree that the moral outrage expressed in the tabloid press that all paedophiles must be vilified and demonised, and imprisoned for long spells under all circumstances; again Robertson has defended paedophiles in his capacity as a lawyer and expresses the view that some are more in need of treatment and understanding first and punishment as a secondary aspect of their crimes.
What this book does show is that as Cardinal Ratzinger - and then as Benedict XVI – the current Pope was complicit at every stage in preventing incidences of child abuse from coming to light and preventing criminal action being taken against the Catholic clergy that committed these acts. It is a very well written and thought provoking tract that – with the exception of the appendices – does not descend into legal jargon that those of us without a law degree would find difficult to follow.
October 24, 2024
As a devout and practicing Catholic - one who would never ditch the religion over the actions of some (well, many ... to many) of its fallen adherents and leaders - this book was not easy to read. In fact, it was often very painful, disturbing, embarrassing and angering. As if the actions of perverted priests against their youthful charges were not bad enough, the criminally negligent way in which they were not only protected under Canon Law, but also shifted about to other parishes without any thought to whether they might reoffend is wholly inexcusable.
This is a tragic and profoundly devasating issue for the Catholic Church. One that needs a lot of compassion, soul-searching, humility and reform in order to adequately mitigate as both we and it move on into the future. It is also a complex issue that often involves much controversy, from both the staunchly "Catholics can't do wrong" group, to those that hate everything about the religion and would see its priests ruined and made an example of whether they are personally guilty or not.
A book like this is a great start in approaching the issue from a balanced perspective. It is written by a non-Catholic who does, nevertheless, retain a level of respect not just for Catholicism generally, but indeed the very institution he so fiercely indicts. It is coherently written, accessible if sometimes extremely disturbing, and impassioned without losing too much balance in perspective.
This is a tragic and profoundly devasating issue for the Catholic Church. One that needs a lot of compassion, soul-searching, humility and reform in order to adequately mitigate as both we and it move on into the future. It is also a complex issue that often involves much controversy, from both the staunchly "Catholics can't do wrong" group, to those that hate everything about the religion and would see its priests ruined and made an example of whether they are personally guilty or not.
A book like this is a great start in approaching the issue from a balanced perspective. It is written by a non-Catholic who does, nevertheless, retain a level of respect not just for Catholicism generally, but indeed the very institution he so fiercely indicts. It is coherently written, accessible if sometimes extremely disturbing, and impassioned without losing too much balance in perspective.
February 12, 2012
This isn't something you read swiftly - I had a novel on the go as well, and I'd pick this up and read a few pages at a time. Robertson sets out factually and unemotionally that Pope Ratarse should be tried for crimes against humanity because of his knowledge and cover-up of the child sex abuse perpetuated by priests. It's in three parts: the first part smashes the argument that the pope is a head of state by proving that Vatican City does not meet the criteria for statehood. Then he lays out the extent of Ratarse's knowledge and coverup of the abuse, and finally argues that he can (and should) be tried for crimes against humanity. He limits his attacks to the pope and high figure in the holy see, and doesn't attack the catholic church per se or catholics.
Very readable, very anger-making, and yes, the bugger should be tried and imprisoned.
Very readable, very anger-making, and yes, the bugger should be tried and imprisoned.
February 9, 2011
Wow, talk about damning. This is an extremely well-argued case by one of the preeminent international law scholars of our time. He manages to separate the religion from the actions of its leaders, resulting in a powerful, yet respectful, piece of work.
One of the biggest surprises to me is the ticking time bomb that is the church's actions in South America and Africa, which remain largely a mystery. When you live in the US or UK, you tend to think that the problem is being addressed everywhere. Well, it is not.
Oh, and the deposition transcript included at the end is enough to make you want to hit someone. Required reading for Catholics.
One of the biggest surprises to me is the ticking time bomb that is the church's actions in South America and Africa, which remain largely a mystery. When you live in the US or UK, you tend to think that the problem is being addressed everywhere. Well, it is not.
Oh, and the deposition transcript included at the end is enough to make you want to hit someone. Required reading for Catholics.
October 13, 2011
An excellent argument for why Benedict should be tried in international court. It will never happen, of course, but a great read nonetheless. The legalities could be a bit dull from time to time, but were necessary to understand the overall point.
July 26, 2020
Pope's bad
March 24, 2025
“Senior churchmen have accepted that up to half of the priests are in some way ‘sexually active.’“
“The prevalence of masturbation in seminars, and the ready forgiveness in confession, ‘forms a cycle of guilt that binds clerics and confessors together wherein secret sexual transgressions become minimized and trivialized - even sex with minors becomes just another sin to be forgiven.’ All this, again, because it is never about the children, never about the others. It is always about themselves, self-obsessed and destructive as they are, there is always an excuse, a way of thinking, but it never serves the child. It is a culture of altruism in the service of narcissism.”
“Western scandals pale in comparison to revelations of the liberties priests have taken with children in the developing world, especially in countries in Latin America and Africa.”
“Curiously, the Nazi regime in Germany kept the Catholic church in line by threatening prosecutions of clerical child molesters and cartoons about pedophile priests would feature in ‘Hitler Youth’ magazines.”
“As any religious institution, the Vatican remains a serious enemy to the advance of human rights.”
“That the Church has, by its own words, condemned itself, its leadership and its law for the inaction over the last years, is all too clear.”
But of course, they are very sorry, and much like the Pope recently talked about Israel and its continuous bombing of children, the Vatican finds it all to be “very serious and shameful.”
“The prevalence of masturbation in seminars, and the ready forgiveness in confession, ‘forms a cycle of guilt that binds clerics and confessors together wherein secret sexual transgressions become minimized and trivialized - even sex with minors becomes just another sin to be forgiven.’ All this, again, because it is never about the children, never about the others. It is always about themselves, self-obsessed and destructive as they are, there is always an excuse, a way of thinking, but it never serves the child. It is a culture of altruism in the service of narcissism.”
“Western scandals pale in comparison to revelations of the liberties priests have taken with children in the developing world, especially in countries in Latin America and Africa.”
“Curiously, the Nazi regime in Germany kept the Catholic church in line by threatening prosecutions of clerical child molesters and cartoons about pedophile priests would feature in ‘Hitler Youth’ magazines.”
“As any religious institution, the Vatican remains a serious enemy to the advance of human rights.”
“That the Church has, by its own words, condemned itself, its leadership and its law for the inaction over the last years, is all too clear.”
But of course, they are very sorry, and much like the Pope recently talked about Israel and its continuous bombing of children, the Vatican finds it all to be “very serious and shameful.”
September 29, 2010
Robertson's title is a little misleading as it is just as much about the Vatican and the power structures as it is Pope Benny. But Robertson does an excellent job in marshalling his legal voodoo and applying it to the issue of sexual abuse by priests in the Catholic Church. He goes astray here and there (most grievously in supporting scuttlebutt that Pope John Paul the First was poisoned) but for the most part, he constructs a solid indictment against the Catholic Church and Pope Benny (when he was head of the CDF) for being culpable in not responding quickly or correctly to allegations of child sexual abuse in the church.
Contrary to how it was reported in the press, Robertson does not call for the arrest of the Pope but suggests changes that would allow proper handling of the cases and that would give the victims justice oft denied by the secrecy and out of touch and stagnant bureaucracy of the Catholic Church.
Contrary to how it was reported in the press, Robertson does not call for the arrest of the Pope but suggests changes that would allow proper handling of the cases and that would give the victims justice oft denied by the secrecy and out of touch and stagnant bureaucracy of the Catholic Church.
September 15, 2012
Robertson demolishes, one-by-one, the defences the Vatican have used to excuse themselves from the charges of abetting child-rape over the years with controlled and pin-pointed anger throughout. Although there are legal questions raised and answered throughout it never becomes too complex to follow and as a whole constructs a thorough run through of the scandal, dealing with it in detail from 2002 onwards. The level of the crimes, and of their cover-ups, are staggering in their almost Kafkaesque awfulness to the point that Robertson’s wry humour creeps in as the only way left to respond to the pure lunacy of the catholic church.
At its heart, this report shows what can happen when worldly and ecumenical powers collide and muddy each other. A problem that is as old as religion itself. Maybe it is a good sign that this type of corruption is no longer being ignored and that no authority is now above question and the law. Enough is finally enough.
At its heart, this report shows what can happen when worldly and ecumenical powers collide and muddy each other. A problem that is as old as religion itself. Maybe it is a good sign that this type of corruption is no longer being ignored and that no authority is now above question and the law. Enough is finally enough.
April 10, 2013
This is a devastating critique of the Church and cannot be ignored by any Catholic or person interested in the current child abuse crisis. Robertson has the rare ability of taking complex legal ideas and making them accessible and relevant to non-lawyers. Importantly, he explodes the arguments the Church has put up about protecting priests and shows conclusively that they ensure NO ONE, including the victims, is allowed to speak to the relevant authorities, such as the police, and that the Church continues to allow the offending priests to have access to children while not supporting the victims. As a Catholic I found this book harrowing as it has made me question what the Church actually stands for and whether any Catholic can in good conscience continue to defend this corrupt and morally bankrupt institution.
November 15, 2010
Forensic analysis of the controversy surrounding the Vatican's lack of action over child abuse within the Catholic Church and Ratzinger's responsibility in it all. Full of detail on this, and the flimsy justification for the Pope's immunity from prosecution as a head of state (as explained in the book "statehood" a result of a treaty between the church and Mussolini for domestic Italian reasons, and the use the church makes of this to gain a voice on UN decision-making. Summed up nicely with a pre-papal quote from Ratzinger himself - "The Christian believer is a simple person: bishops should protect the faith of their little people against the power of intellectuals". Hmmm.
April 25, 2011
A well researched case-study of the Human Rights abuse of the Catholic Church. Deserves to be widely read by all who are interested in Human Rights and also by anyone who is a Catholic wanting to know how their leaders conduct themselves.
I hope this book causes revolution, and hopefully the next pope can directly confront these issues and set a course for the church to be the church.
I hope this book causes revolution, and hopefully the next pope can directly confront these issues and set a course for the church to be the church.
February 27, 2012
There are so many things that happen in this world that seem so completely and obviously wrong, and yet which go unpunished. They are exposed and still nobody answers for them. It is enough to make a person feel crazy. Am I so biased that what seems obvious and self-evident to me (child abuse is wrong - covering up child abuse is wrong) is really a morally and legally ambiguous grey area?
This book made me so angry at the pope that I actually threw it across the room one night.
This book made me so angry at the pope that I actually threw it across the room one night.
September 28, 2010
So far-very enlightening! Geoffrey Robertson QC leaves no holy stone unturned as he removes (painstakingly, at times) any lingering doubts your mind might be harbouring that the current pontiff is innocent of covering up serious crimes against innocent children. He is involved to a disturbing degree. All Catholics should do themselves a favour and open their minds with this reality check.
July 12, 2012
A very level headed and unbiased exploration of the facts concerning the Catholic Church's turning a blind eye to and then covering up paedophilia by it priests on children by a british QC and judge. There is no emotion in this book, just facts, and the author goes on to explore whether the Pope has a case to answer in court.
October 7, 2010
Most excellent book describing how the Vatican is abusing its position and followers in a transparent power grab. BTW, did you know that the percent of Catholic priests the abuse children is somewhere in the 4-9% vicinity?
June 10, 2012
Robertson really gets you vexed with the way the vatican / holy see / pope are/were hiding and protecting the priests guilty of child abuse. He also challenges the legitimacy of the statehood claims of vatican.
March 24, 2013
An enlightening review of the Church's highly secret legal system. This book provides many solid arguements as to why the Pope should, and could, be held responsible for the negligence that has allowed so many paedophile priests to remain free beings.
March 12, 2014
The legal case for putting Joseph Ratzinger on trial for his part in covering up and enabling the systematic rape of children, this excellent book demolishes the Vatican's audacious claim to statehood and makes a case as to why the pope should be brought to justice.
October 1, 2015
It's been a long time since I've read a legal opinion, and I confess to being a little out of practice. Notwithstanding, this was a thought provoking, interesting, slightly horrifying read. I'll definitely be thinking about it for a while.
June 27, 2012
well exposed - the truth about the pope and the Vatican. How much longer will we let them get away with it?
November 16, 2016
I was much motivated to plod on when I heard of the eminent abdication of Pope Benedict XVI. The more I read it the more depressed I felt.........
June 25, 2015
Fuck the Vatican
July 19, 2019
EXTRAORDINARY! It’s utterly extraordinary that such a wealth of indisputable evidence exists of the Vatican’s wilful complicity in the protection, harbouring and trafficking of known criminals - namely its hundreds of paedophile priests - and no one in the upper echelons of the Roman Catholic Church is being held accountable. At times while reading this book I became so enraged I almost hurled it off the balcony. Which is no reflection on the inimitable Geoffrey Robertson QC who put together this damning indictment of The Pope and his despicable henchman who run the Holy See. Robertson lays out in plain and simple terms (the book reads almost like a legal document complete with numbered paragraphs) how these appalling hypocrites have hoodwinked the world into granting them nation status under international law with all the power and legal immunity that brings and used it further their anti-gay, anti-abortion agenda, all the while shielding men who rape children from prosecution with their own ineffective antiquated system of justice - Canon Law. Under a veil of phoney-baloney legislative secrecy children were molested and left damaged for life, paid hush money or simply abandoned and forgotten in the rush to avoid scandal and protect the reputation of the church. As Robertson says: “These men believed for good reason that they would get away with it. They believed that they had exemption from local law because where sex abuse was concerned they had the grace of the bishop and the protection of a Canon Law which would rarely convict them, never punish them and only occasionally defrock them. They were led to believe that they had a form of dual nationality: they were subject to local law if they killed or robbed or parked illegally and subject to church law if they gave the sacrament to Baptists or Presbyterians or raped small children”.
Every Catholic should read this book. Every world leader should read this book. Hopefully it will make them as furious as it made me and maybe something will finally be done to get real justice for the thousands of victims and save others from the same fate.
Every Catholic should read this book. Every world leader should read this book. Hopefully it will make them as furious as it made me and maybe something will finally be done to get real justice for the thousands of victims and save others from the same fate.
May 28, 2019
Very legal (written by a QC-Queen's Council), highlighting the weakness, selfishness and numerous wrongs either instituted or continued by the last 3 popes, Benedict XVI — April 19, 2005-Feb. 28, 2013; John Paul II — Oct. 16, 1978-April 2, 2005; and John Paul I — Aug. 26-Sept. 28, 1978.
The author concentrates on sexual abuses and the unknown and protected number of priests around the world who have abused children, primarily boys, and faced no exposure, very minimal punishment and no criminal public prosecution.
At this time in the US, the bishops are at last beginning - and I emphasize beginning - to admit and make public those who are accused today so that civil law can judge their actions and punish those found guilty.
The other significant thing I learned about the Vatican, the Holy Sea and the office of the pope was the complexity of the web of laws and conventions this Catholic entity is wrapped in, including the fact the the Vatican is the only "religion" that is a member of the United Nations and although not a voting member, it has a "voice" and "influences" the world. That and its enormous and secret wealth are formidable "weapons" in the hands of a virtually top secret organization.
The author concentrates on sexual abuses and the unknown and protected number of priests around the world who have abused children, primarily boys, and faced no exposure, very minimal punishment and no criminal public prosecution.
At this time in the US, the bishops are at last beginning - and I emphasize beginning - to admit and make public those who are accused today so that civil law can judge their actions and punish those found guilty.
The other significant thing I learned about the Vatican, the Holy Sea and the office of the pope was the complexity of the web of laws and conventions this Catholic entity is wrapped in, including the fact the the Vatican is the only "religion" that is a member of the United Nations and although not a voting member, it has a "voice" and "influences" the world. That and its enormous and secret wealth are formidable "weapons" in the hands of a virtually top secret organization.
December 12, 2025
Devastating in the worst possible way, this book makes a case for the prosecution of the Pope as the head of the Catholic Church. There’s a terrifying, systematic penchant for abuse in Catholicism, and it seems like there’s a distinct lack of accountability in the legal system and the church for it.
This book does a good job of laying down the facts and the potential for action in future. While densely legal and entrenched in the mores of the court system, the book provides an excellent case, and it examines our morality too. What are we willing to let slide in the name of religion? How long will it take for there to be accountability for CSA in the church?
This book asks some really good questions, and, while there’s no answers yet, hopefully we will have them (and the requisite accountability) someday, and soon,
This book does a good job of laying down the facts and the potential for action in future. While densely legal and entrenched in the mores of the court system, the book provides an excellent case, and it examines our morality too. What are we willing to let slide in the name of religion? How long will it take for there to be accountability for CSA in the church?
This book asks some really good questions, and, while there’s no answers yet, hopefully we will have them (and the requisite accountability) someday, and soon,
July 23, 2019
I read this a couple of times because it's the sort of writing which encourages study. The numbered paragraphs are helpful and it's accessible text but I do think it's important, for all of those who pontificate about the less than likely application n sharia law in Australia, to actually examine the long standing impact of canon law. I borrowed a copy but am about to by my own, it's a book for keeping.
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