I am still in two minds about this book. There are so many aspects which I actively applaud, but there were also so many parts of this book which frustrated and frightened me. Overall, I had to give this book a high rating because there is still so little literature about eating disorders. There is even less written from a parent's point of view - a perspective which is so often neglected. As Harriet Brown points out, an eating disorder will not only affect the victim of the disease, it will affect everyone close to them - it will 'change [their] family forever'.
To summarise how I feel about this book, I will split it into parts I thought were covered well and parts which lacked.
The parts which were done well:
1) The science - eating disorders ('EDs') are still some of the most misunderstood mental health illnesses and there is still so little scientific attention and research invested in understanding them. I appreciated how much time Harriet spends on trying to advocate for better research. She also unpicks the little data that there is to try and dispel the prolific myths and stigma that surrounds EDs. Some poignant and important quotes on the science include:
- "1/3 of all anorexics stay sick forever. 1/3 will truly recover. The rest stay on the brink of illness, living diminished lives… they spend years on the outside looking in, unable to live fully or wholly.
- " The numbers are against [anyone who suffers from Anorexia]. Statistics say she’ll relapse again and again, her body getting weaker and more adapted to starvation until it comes to feel natural and right to her, until her cells learn the patterns, shape and feeling of constant gnawing hunger"
- "Average length of recovery from anorexia is 5 to 7 years but after 5 years of anorexia, recovery is far less likely.
- "Close to 20% of anorexics die, about half from starvation and the other half from suicide"
- "Nearly 1/5 of all anorexics try suicide; many succeed"
- "People with anorexia are disconnected from the physiological sensation of hunger, but they are deeply, profoundly hungry. That’s why they draw out their meager meals for hours, savoring every scrap they allow themselves. It’s why they douse their food with salt, mustard, condiments to sharpen the taste of what they eat. It’s why they read cookbooks like other people read pornography, why they plan elaborate menus they know they will not eat, why they stand longingly in front of bakery windows but never go inside."
- "Anorexia symptoms like distorted body image are related to glitches in the body’s interoceptive system"
- "Anorexia is 1 of medicine’s biggest mysteries. From the outside, it seems inexplicable. More than that - it’s a perversion and a denial of the force that animates every living creature. We’ve come to understand suicide as the urge of a moment with permanent consequences. But anorexia plays out over weeks, months, years. It is not a single moment of despair, an impulsive turn of the wheel that sends you headfirst into traffic. You need to be determined and stoic to suffer the slow whittling of flesh into bone, the painful alchemics of the starving body."
- "The physical process of starvation also causes psychological symptoms, which can include depression, anxiety, and obsessiveness around food and eating - all are hallmarks of anorexia"
- "Anorexics have a relatively large section of chromosome 1p in common"
- "Certain personality traits are strongly associated with anorexia: perfectionism, obsessionality, negative emotionality, neuroticism and harm avoidance. These traits often manifest in childhood, long before the eating disorder, run in families, and persist after recovery"
- "Some people are born with a biological predisposition, a genotype that produces personality traits like perfectionism and obsessionality"
- "A higher percentage of people with anorexia die than people with depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or any other mental illness"
- "About 30% of people with anorexia cross over into bulimia, and that purging complicates recovery"
- "Dramatic calorie restriction can result in… megalomaniac and persecutory delusions, auditory hallucinations, somatisation, dissociation, suicidality, and confusion"
2) Harriet avoided writing this as a ‘pure’ memoir - so many books about eating disorders are written as memoirs by the sufferer themselves. These are largely unhelpful because they often act as encouragement for those still in the depths of the illness and provide 'tips' on how to be a 'better anorexic'. Such memoirs focus on the details of the sufferer's illness including numbers, figures, what they ate, how much they exercised, how 'ill' they were, how much weight they loss, the lowest BMI they reached. For anyone suffering from an eating disorder, these memoirs fuel the competitive nature of the illness. Harriet tries to move away from specifying numbers. However, this being said, annoyingly, she does seems to forget this and when describing the 'refeeding' process, she does set out the target weights of her daughter, the amount of calories she is required to consume, and the methods her daughter uses to avoid engaging with the refeeding process. I read this book first when I was undergoing treatment myself and although I was so consumed by the illness and was admittedly only reading it for pro-anorexia 'inspiration' (like other memoirs offered), I do remember vividly baulking at the numbers and refusing treatment for days in fear of the 'refeeding' process.
3) A parent's perspective and an advocate for family therapy - I thought it was great to hear a parent speak out about how it affects the whole family. I also agree that family therapy can be an effective and useful method of treatment which is often overlooked as it is relatively new and non-traditional. However, EDs are so personal and unique to the individual sufferer that there will never be a universal therapy which suits everyone who experiences an ED. It is important to recognise that the author lives in America where the medical options differ to those offered in the UK.
Parts I thought were not done well:
1) Harriet appears to be in denial for much of the book. She is defensive and critical of the experts and therapists who try to help her daughter. At times, it seems like she is suggesting that she is the best and only person to provide treatment to her daughter.
2) The author speaks for her daughter (Kitty) on occasion. She assumes what Kitty is thinking when it is unrealistic to ever know what is going on in the mind of someone suffering any MH disorder. There is little coverage of Kitty's own voice.
3) Harriet appears to be desperate to rush through treatment and 'get her daughter back'. This is an unhelpful rhetoric. Her daughter will never be the same 'as she was before the illness' and the illness is part of her, part of her history, part of her character and will remain so for the rest of her life. It is unrealistic to think that there is a quick fix for what is so often a life-long battle which will need to be managed by Kitty every day. Even when a victim of ED appears to be at a healthy weight and eating regularly, the illness will not have necessarily left them, they are not 'recovered'. It will be a daily battle, like someone with IBS would have to manage their symptoms each day, someone with a mental illness will need to constantly monitor their mental health and it requires constant consideration to keep in check.
Other quotes which I thought were important and some of my own comments in italics:
- "Intelligence is no protection" - no matter how rational, bright, or switched on a person may be, it will not provide any kind of defence from the infiltration of anorexia
- "Fear is greater than your hunger" - even if someone with an ED feels hunger, the feat and turmoil of trying to allow yourself to eat is so palpable, raw, painful, that it stamps out any appetite you may have
- "How ironic - she’s being eaten alive, literally, by the fear of eating" - the irony of anorexia is something that always perplexes me. The inherent paradoxes of the illness are undeniable - I would try to be the perfect daughter by making my parents watch their daughter starve herself to death, I wanted to lose weight to be slim and fit but not to be skeletal, I thought models were too thin and painful to look at but I had no flesh on my bones, and anorexia is not about the food but it’s also all about the food i.e. the only initial treatment for anorexia is to refeed the patient
- "Anorexic behaviour is the very essence of self-destructiveness. Humans have to eat; I couldn’t see how Kitty couldn’t see that"
- "Every trip to the grocery store with [an anorexic] becomes an agonising series of negotiations" - bargaining began to characterise many of my relationships - with family and friends
- "Anorexia, like alcoholism or drug addiction, is a disease with no real cure, a disease you have to “manage”, one day at a time, for the rest of your life"
- "We treat people with mental illnesses like lepers; we shun them when they turn out to be people we know. A few psychiatric disorders have lost a little of that stigma - for example, people talk more openly now about depression and bipolar disorder. But with few exceptions we still don’t want to hear about the most severe cases of depression, or about the inner lives of people with schizophrenia or personality disorders"
- "It paints someone [with a mental illness] all one colour - the colour of mental illness; where I see Kitty as a complex person whose thinking and behaviours are distorted in certain crucial areas, but whose mental processes are working fine in others " - this was, and is still, very pertinent. E.g. I was able to get 11 A*s in my GCSEs, but my brain wasn’t able to comprehend that I needed to eat. My brain could function at an impressive level in some areas but when it came to the ED, I was unable to process what was going on and see what the problem was
- "If you do intensive psychotherapy with someone with anorexia, you wind up with an insightful corpse, but without enough glucose the brain can’t process or think properly"
- "I thought eating disorders happened to other people’s children - [my daughter] would never have an eating disorder. She was too smart for that"
- "Don’t you get it? You need to eat or you’ll die. I’m only just starting to understand that she really doesn’t get it. That her perceptions are genuinely out of whack… [therapists] describe anorexia as a kind of “encapsulated psychosis”: someone with anorexia suffers under a set of delusions just as powerful as the delusions of a schizophrenic - but only when it comes to food, eating and body image”
- "Despite all the trauma and drama, I sometimes have a hard time remembering that Kitty’s ill. When she smiles or makes a joke, it’s as if I suddenly mistrust the events of the last few months"
- "Kitty is the prisoner of compulsions she doesn’t understand - that no one understands - and that she can’t control"
- “You look great!” I say, and instantly wish I’d kept my mouth shut. Kitty’s illness has sensitised me to how many comments we all make about other people’s appearance. In Kitty’s case, even the most well-intentioned compliment can trigger an anorexic reaction.
- “She’s doing so well!” our friends say, and I want to say yes, but she still wrestles with anorexia every single day.
- "If malnutrition has broken the connections between body and mind, will they ever be healed? I wonder if Kitty will ever feel hunger again, ever feel comfortable with her own appetite, or if eating will forever remain a necessary but unpleasant chore."
- "She is unspeakably brave; she has done the most terrifying thing imaginable to her, over and over and over again."
-"It’s like having an angel sitting on one shoulder and a devil on the other.. And they are fighting all day long… It's like I’m watching a movie, only I’m in the movie too.”
- "I’ve grown used to the idea that Kitty fears and hates food, that she doesn’t like to eat. I have, without meaning to, changed the way I think about her and eating"
- "I think of everything [Kitty] is missing now: friends, sports, sleepovers, parties - the ordinary pleasures of a teenage girl. I think of everything she will miss if she does not recover: Love. Friendship. Meaningful work. Her whole life, really."
- "Her functioning confused me; how bad could things be, really, if she was able to manage all that?"
- "When teenagers leave residential care, they nearly always lose weight.. It is not to say that residential care is never helpful; sometimes it can literally save a person’s life. But it is usually a stopgap, a kick start to recovery, rather than recovery itself. Real recovery takes months, often years… [it takes a lot] to alter the neurobiology that perpetuates the disease, to retrain the brain"
-“No long sleeves are allowed at the table. Sometimes they hide food there… you open your mouth after every bite to make sure you are not stuffing food there. No bathroom for an hour after each meal. Oh, and you get thirty minutes to eat. If you don’t finish, you’ll drink Ensures to make up the calories.”
- "No matter how kind the nurses and doctors were, being hospitalised was traumatic for both teenagers and their families. [It is] still inevitably telling the parents the message, “You’ve failed at something that most parents succeed at, which is to feed your kids.”"
- "[Parents are told] that they’ll eat when they’re ready. They’ll eat when the underlying issues that caused the anorexia in the first place have been resolved. Except a lot of them die before that happens. If it ever does."