Nissinen's award-winning book surveys attitudes in the ancient world toward homoeroticism, that is, erotic same-sex relations. Focusing on the Bible and its cultural environmentMesopotamia, Greece, Rome, Israel-Nissinen concisely and readably introduces the relevant sources and their historical contexts in a readable way. Homoeroticism is examined as a part of gender identity, i.e., the interplay of sexual orientation, gender identification, gender roles, and sexual practice. In the patriarchal cultures of the biblical world, Nissinen shows, homoerotic practices were regarded as a role construction between the active and passive partners rather than as expressions of an orientation moderns call "homosexuality." Nissinen shows how this applies to the limited acceptance of homoerotic relationships in Greek and Roman culture, as well as to Israel's and the early church's condemnation of any same-sex erotic activity. For readers interested in the ancient world or contemporary debates, Nissinen's fascinating study shows why the ancient texts - both biblical and nonbiblical - are not appropriate for use as sources of direct analogy or argument in today's discussion.
"Voi olla, että kaikki muunlainen kuin totaalisen torjuva suhtautuminen homoseksuaalisuuteen merkitsee poikkeamista Raamatun "selvästä sanasta". Mutta siitä poiketaan myös, kun väitetään, että maa on pallon muotoinen ja kiertää aurinkoa. Raamatun vastaisuuteen on suostuttu, kun Raamatun kirjoittamisen jälkeen tapahtunut maailmankuvan muutos on pakottanut siihen."
Homoerotiikka Raamatun maailmassa on yleiskatsaus homoseksuaalisuuden ja homoerotiikan rooliin Raamatussa sekä Raamatun kirjoittamista ympäröivissä (maantieteellisesti ja ajallisesti) kulttuureissa. Teos on jo suhteellisen vanha, mutta sen sisältö on yhä pätevää – ikä tulee lähinnä esille vanhentuneissa termeissä, aikakauden tapahtumiin viittaavissa kommenteissa ja seksuaalisuuden kapeassa ymmärtämisessä (Nissinen puhuu esimerkiksi vain hetero-, homo- ja biseksuaalisuudesta).
En ole kovinkaan perehtynyt Raamattuun, sen kirjoitushistoriaan tai aikakauteen, jolloin varhaisen kirkon merkittävimmät toimijat elivät, mutta se ei tämän kirjan ymmärtämistä haitannut. Nissinen pysyttelee helposti käsitettävällä yleistasolla, aloittaen Mesopotamian kulttuureista, siirtyen sitten Vanhan testamentin tarinoihin, antiikin Kreikkaan ja Roomaan, juutalaisiin teksteihin ja lopulta Uuteen testamenttiin. Olen perehtynyt paljon antiikin Kreikan seksuaalisuuskäsityksiin ja -normeihin (ja jossain määrin myös Rooman) mutta näiden muiden kulttuurien tavat ja ajatusmallit ovat minulle paljon vieraampia, joten Nissisen teos tarjosi minulle paljon uutta tietoa. Erityisen kiinnostavaa oli huomata, miten kaikkia näitä kulttuureja ja aikakausia yhdistivät monet samanlaiset normit ja arvot: esimerkiksi kaikissa kulttuureissa korostui tiukat sukupuoliroolit, joiden rikkomista, erityisesti miesten toimesta, pidettiin pelottavana ja vaarallisena. Sukupuolisäännöt olivat erityisen tärkeitä miehille – kulttuurien aktiivisille toimijoille – ja Nissinen kutsuu niitä "patriarkaalisen yhteiskunnan kulmakiviksi". Jos mies asettaa itsensä passiiviseen asemaan seksisuhteessa, ja "alentaa" siten itsensä naisen tasolle, hän halventaa itsensä täysin, eikä häntä voi enää pitää hyvänä kulttuurinsa edustajana. Tämä ajatusmalli voi hyvin jopa antiikin Kreikassa, jota pidetään usein virheellisesti homoseksuaalisten utopiana: tosiasiassa homosuhteita ja homoerotiikkaa rajoittivat tiukat säännöt ja koodit, joita rikkovia ei katsottu hyvällä.
Jotkut Nissisen käsittelemistä Raamatun tarinoista olivat minulle tuttuja. Tiesin esimerkiksi jotain Joonatanin ja Davidin "ystävyydestä" ja sen eroottisista sävyistä, ja luonnollisesti olen törmännyt Sodoman tapahtumiin. Sodomaa käsittelevät luvut olivat minusta erityisen kiehtovia, koska Nissinen nosti hyvin esille sen, miksi Sodomaa ei tulisi tulkita yksinkertaistetusti tarinana homoseksuaalisuuden paheellisuudesta, vaan ennen kaikkea kertomuksena vieraanvaraisuuden lakien häpäisemisestä, muukalaisvihasta ja halusta alistaa oman kulttuurin ulkopuolisia ihmisiä. Yleinen keino, jota on kautta historian käytetty vihollisten ja valloitettujen häpäisemiseksi on raiskaus ja erityisesti miesten pakottaminen "naisen" asemaan seksissä, ja Sodoman miesten halu häpäistä kaupunkiin tulleita voidaan nähdä osana tätä traditiota, eikä niinkään homoseksuaalisuutena. Tällainen seksuaalinen väkivalta ei nimittäin ilmennä seksuaalista identiteettiä: se on vallankäyttöä ja alistamista, ei romantiikkaa tai himoa. Osa Nissisen mainitsemista tarinoista Raamatusta olivat puolestaan minulle vieraita, kuten Sodoman tapahtumia muistuttava tarina Gibeassa tapahtuneesta väkivallasta ja tarina Nooasta ja hänen pojastaan Haamista, jonka voi tulkita raiskanneen tai muuten seksuaalisesti alistaneen isäänsä. Se, miten Nissinen sitoi tämän tarinan varhaisempiin samankaltaisiin kertomuksiin (esimerkiksi tarina Sethistä, joka raiskaa veljenpoikansa Horuksen halventaakseen tätä) oli myös mielenkiintoinen nosto, koska, kuten niin monissa tämän kirjan esimerkkitarinoissa, tässäkin on havaittavissa monia linkkejä muihin kulttuureihin ja uskonnollisiin perinteisiin.
Merkittävään asemaan teoksessa nousi kielen, kääntämisen ja sanojen vivahteiden merkitys. Monissa luvuissa päädyttiin pohtimaan jotain sanaa ja sitä, miten sen voi tulkita monin tavoin ja miten eri käännökset voivat muuttaa tarinan merkitystä suurellakin tavalla vain kääntämällä jonkin sanan tai lauseen hieman eri tavalla. Hyvä esimerkki tästä oli esimerkiksi Uutta testamenttia käsitelevässä luvussa esitellyt "miesmakaajat". En ole mikään iso lingvistiikan ymmärtäjä tai opiskelija, mutta kielet kiinnostavat minua, erityisesti tällaisissa konteksteissa.
Nissinen kirjoittaa mielestäni myös hyvin siitä, mitä haasteita Raamatun tutkimisessa on nykyaikana. Hän korostaa hyvin sitä, miten olennaista on ymmärtää Raamattua sen omassa historiallisessa kontekstissa ja olla lähestymättä sitä modernein oletuksin ja sanavarastoin. Homoseksuaalisuutta käsitelleet Raamatun kirjoittajat eivät ymmärtäneet seksuaalisuutta kuten me nykypäivänä ymmärrämme sen. Heille ajatus homoseksuaalisesta identiteetistä olisi hyvin vieras: heidän teksteissään homoseksuaalisuus näyttäytyy lähinnä tekoina, akteina ja yhdistettynä muunlaiseen moraalisen turmeltuneisuuteen. Raamattua ei voi myöskään ottaa täydellisesti sopivana ohjenuorana nykypäivän moraalisiin dilemmoihin, koska elämme aivan erilaisessa maailmassa, eikä Raamattua kirjoitettu sopimaan meidän ajallemme. Tulkinnan pitää kehittyä ajan mukana. Hyvä nosto Nissiseltä oli myös se, että jos joku haluaa perustella homofobiaansa nykypäivänä Raamatulla, eikö aidosti raamatullisen luennan aiheesta tulisi sisältää myös Jeesuksen opetukset? Jeesuksen, joka rakasti yhteiskunnan hylkimiä, ei kaihtanut sairaita ja tuomitsi sortavan yhteiskunnan eikä sorrettuja? Kuten Nissinen sanoo: "Vanhat lähteet antavat meille itsestään, ajastaan ja kuvaamistaan ihmisistä sellaisen kuvan kuin haluavat. Meidän mahdollisuutemme päästä niiden takana vallinneeseen konkreettiseen maailmaan ovat rajoitetut – varsinkin kun kysymyksemme nousevat oman aikamme sanelemista tarpeista."
Tämä kirja oli minulle hyvä ja helppolukuinen lähtölaukaus syvällisemmälle Raamatun ja seksuaalisuuden pohdinnalle. Haluan ehdottomasti perehtyä tähän teemaan tulevaisuudessa enemmän.
love it when a book gets straight to the point and doesnt waste my time
the only weakness imho are the chapters where nissinen strays from the material and starts speaking generally aobut sexuality today, he just kinda rambles. but the more focused chapters are fantastic
This is a bit dated in some ways (especially its relative ignorance w/r/t transexual/gnc identity, so watch out for that) but it's an eternally vital resource in many other regards, and I consider it essential reading for any and all queer scholars and religious scholars.
4/5 for what is presented and analysed. Namely, the explicit passages about homoeroticism in the Biblical World.
0/5 for what is not presented and analysed: marriage. The biblical (and extrabiblical) conception of marriage is inextricably related to how homoeroticism was viewed in the Biblical World, and therefore it cannot be left out.
Martti Nissinen wrote this book with a desire to address issues of homoeroticism for the modern Lutheran Church in Finland. He uses the term "homoeroticism" advisedly, since "homosexuality" is a word only about 150 years old; one of the great strengths of his book is Nissinen's awareness of historical context and his desire to avoid anachronism.
Nissinen addresses the crisis in the Finnish Lutheran church in the Introduction, as well as issues of terminology (homoeroticism, homosexuality, and homosociability) and gender and sexual practice.
Chapters 2-6 survey homoerotic elements in texts (and sometimes images) from Mesopotamia, the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible, Classical Antiquity, early rabbinic Judaism, and the New Testament. Always his concern is to foreground issues of cultural and temporal location. He shows that for the "plain reading" of such texts to take place, a lot must be known about the text's cultural context and the common usage of words. (His discussion of a word often rendered by the totally anachronistic "homosexuality" in most Greek lexica is particularly enlightening.)
The last chapter, entitled "Homoeroticism in the Biblical World and Homosexuality Today" offers a new way to try to interpret the Bible, especially when asking what relevance it has for those of us dealing with contemporary issues such as sexuality. As a faithful churchman, Nissinen does not want to "throw out the Bible," but as a modern person, he does point out that most church exegesis is deeply flawed when there is no "sufficient correlation between the topics discussed today and the ancient sources." (123)
The point: sexuality as a concept does not exist in any of the ancient literature. Moreover, the gender roles behind homoerotic behavior (and which determine how that behavior is judged in its ancient context) are vastly different than those commonly held now. When homoerotic behavior was condemned, it was because it made a "woman," that is, a passive, weak, and unmasculine being, out of a man (female homoerotic behavior does the opposite, so a woman is seen as attempting to appropriate the potency and active status of a man). Moreover, in the history of the church, "The same reasons have been used to condemn both homosexual and heterosexual contacts: sexuality has been considered an expression of lust and therefore sinful." (125) A relationship consisting of two adult, equal, committed and loving men, or two women, or even a man and a woman, was not a concept for the ancients, and therefore not something we can ask them to reflect in their literature.
A good quotation to end with (125): "Using individual and ambiguous biblical passages as a basis for threatening people with eternal damnation leads to a kid of scriptural positivism, which may turn out to be a matter of the cruel abuse of religious power." Amen.
I just read the chapter on ancient Mesopotamia. I’ll come back to this as I work my was through the bible, I just wanted it on my shelf.
This contained a fantastic discussion of the ambiguously-gendered priests of Inanna. Forgive me for an info dump:
Some priests, most notably the lamentation (Gala) priests, occupied a third gender called Assinu, “woman-man”. Many of them were born intersex, and were considered to have magical powers becasue of their difference and close association with Inanna.
During a new year festival there was a parade celebrating Inanna in which Assinu danced wearing the garments of men on their right side, carrying a spear, and women on their left side, carrying a spindle. At the climax of the parade, the assinu would enter an ecstatic frenzy and lacerate themselves with razors, keening and mourning for their goddess, who, in the story of her descent into the underworld, died.
This story of the goddess’ death parallels the path of the planet Venus across the sky and below the horizon. Like the planet’s dual appearance in the east and west, Inanna embodied the duality of gender. As the morning star, She was like a man, portrayed as a bearded warrior with breasts. As the evening star she was like a woman, sometimes a virgin, sometimes a prostitute.
This power of the goddess to transform men into women was feared by most people, and Assinu’s gender difference was the proof that her power to do so was real. Kings patronized Ishtar because they wished to channel her power into curses against their enemies - to change their men into women so as to dominate them.
Whether homosexual or heterosexual, sex took on this power dynamic - the belief that to penetrate another was to claim power over them. Regardless of gender or social status, The penetrator was masculinized/empowered and the penetrated was feminized/overpowered - following the pattern of the subjugation of women in this society. Gay sex between equals was criminalized - seen as one man overpowering another in a way that was inappropriate to their relative social standings.
Sad. I came into this expected that homosexuality was acceptable in this society.
What’s kind of grim is that even hetero sex between a married couple followed this pattern of domination/subjugation. The literature simply could not conceptualize sex as something between equals, it was only ever an act of dominance, enforcing social inequalities.
The ancient world was rough.
So what were the lesbians up to? The boys never wrote about it, so we’ll never know.
One thing we do know is that the gender change made by an assinu was permanent - they could not go back to being men, particularly not after they had been castrated. The many eunuchs in this society had close relationships with the goddess, carrying her image on their seals.
I like to think that some queer people, finding a societal niche for themselves, could have found happiness there in the cult of Inanna.
Multi-sided, balanced, thorough, and insightful, Homoeroticism in the Biblical World: A Historical Perspective provides outstanding scholarship concerning the nature of homosexual behavior in the ancient world, poignantly illustrating how different it was then from the way that we perceive homosexuality in today’s society. Even though some of the early portions are admittedly quite dry, the work makes for a must-read for anyone that wishes to dive deep into this topic!
I should really want to write a long and well thought through review about this book since it regards such a topical subject and also since it does is in a very scholarly and erudite way. This is not really a book for the person who wants to know how to view homosexuality today from a biblical perspective, although he touches on that. It is much more a book for the scholar wanting to understand the different types of homoerotical expressions found in the ancient world. For the contemporary issue Nissinen is not completely clear cut on what stand point to take, but he is leaning (quite strongly) towards that the biblical passages which mention homosexuality don't have much that is relating to today's equal level homosexual relationship. I'm kind of curious to know how he would respond to Webb's hermeneutic where he includes the "direction" of the view of homosexuality in comparison to the surrounding culture and that the Bible is more harsh on the issue than other cultures were. Should that have some baring on to how we read this passages and how Christians should view the issue of homosexuality today? The danger that I find Nissinen is in is that he is writing so much from a scholarly perspective and he treats the Bible so much a simply an ancient text that I think many Christians will have problems in agreeing with his conclusions. He argues that we might be in the danger of simply transferring Paul's hellenistic jewish views into our moral network. But isn't the idea with inspiration that, yes, it is a two thousand old text, but what is written there also transcends the 200 year old gap and speaks authoritatively to Christians today as well? A scholarly criticism is that I think Nissinen does too much of Paul's relationship with hellenstic culture simply from similarities in word usage. Paul was, according to Bauckham, N.T. Wright and James Dunn as well (if I remember correctly, I might be wrong here) thoroughly Jewish and hebraic, rather than hellenistic. I think Nissinen's view of Paul is a late survival from 19th century biblical scholarship where one wanted to find connections between hebraic and hellenistic culture. And if that is the case, then Nissinen might have to re-think his interpretation on what "homosexual" in Rom means and how it might be applicable for today.
I've had fun sporting this title around town for the last few weeks. A very interesting read.
Nissinen's HBW does a stellar job of presenting circumspect information about same-sex eroticism from the ancient Sumerians to Hellenistic Judaism contemporary with the NT. The chs on homoeroticism in ancient Mesopotamia (focusing primarily on Assyrian culture) and on both Greek and Roman Classical antiquity were very helpful. I also found his distinction between gender roles, sexual practice, gender identification, and sexual orientation a helpful heuristic, even if his chart (p. 13) still makes little sense to me.
HBW is weakest in dealing with the biblical material, both in the Hebrew Bible and in the NT. Nissinen present decent information, but nothing rings out truly persuasive or category-shifting.
I'm happy to have HBW in my back pocket. It's needed reading on ANE and Greco-Roman contexts. I also appreciate the reminder of how distan our sexuality constructs today are from those of the biblical worlds. I'm sure some of this material will come out in my congregation's ongoing discussions about sexuality.
Excellent work on the historical and cultural understandings of "homoeroticism" (Nissinen notes the definitional problems of "gay" or "homosexual" in this context) in the biblical world. Nissinen moves through oceans of material with succinct skill, summarizing Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, Roman, Jewish and Christian writings on the matter.
This is really a must read for any thinking pastor that holds to a historically conscious hermeneutic of the Bible. I would highly recommend Brownson's Bible, Gender, and Sexuality as a follow up.
This work also does some great psychological and gender theory at the beginning and end of the work (mapping out models and paradigms) clarifying this very difficult issue of the church.