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The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives

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At the 900th anniversary of the Crusader capture of Jerusalem, it is timely to reflect on how the phenomenon of the Crusades influenced the Muslim world, then and now, militarily, culturally and psychologically. This book discusses a group of themes designed to highlight how Muslims reacted to the alien presence of the Crusaders in the heart of traditional Muslim territory. Ideological concerns are examined and the importance of the jihad is assessed in the context of the gradual recovery of the Holy Land and the expulsion of the Crusaders. Two chapters are devoted to an analysis of warfare - arms, battles, sieges, fortifications - on the basis of written sources and extant works of art, and the neglected aspect of the navy is brought into prominence. One chapter deals with the complex issue of the interaction between Muslims and Crusaders in a social, economic and cultural setting. The epilogue traces in outline the profound impact of the Crusades on Muslim consciousness until the present day.This is not a chronological survey of the events of the period 1099 to 1291and even beyond, for that has already been done several times. Instead, this is a general book intended to introduce some of the wider aspects of the history of the Crusades from the Muslim side. Accordingly, as a deliberate policy, an attempt is made here to view the phenomenon of the Crusades entirely through the prism of medieval Muslim sources. This naturally involves bias, but such a bias is salutary given the cumulative impact of centuries of Eurocentric scholarship in this field and it should help to create a more balanced picture of this fascinating and momentous period of Christian/Muslim confrontation and interaction.

704 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1988

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Carole Hillenbrand

21 books11 followers

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Displaying 1 - 14 of 14 reviews
Profile Image for Carlos  Wang.
464 reviews175 followers
July 6, 2022
十字軍東征在我們一般的教科書裡,會告訴學生們它是個重大的事件,影響了西歐的歷史進程,帶來了許多深刻的影響等。而這是一種相當以西方為中心的觀點,但我們卻不自知。也因此,常常,伊斯蘭世界究竟是怎麼看待十字軍,是入侵?是殖民?它帶來的是文化交流,還是一場破壞跟災難?從沒思考過這些問題。



其實,問題的答案在華文圈中也漸漸有了解答了。台灣的河中出版社出了阿敏‧馬洛夫的《阿拉伯人眼中的十字軍東征》,雖然它很不起眼,但卻是不折不扣的佳作。此外,與本書同出版社的《中斷的天命》,是部通史,可關於十字軍的部分也講的十分透徹,而且能以更宏觀的視野看待整個脈絡。而接下來這本《十字軍:伊斯蘭的觀點》,則有別於前兩本,它是屬於中進階的作品了。



作者卡蘿‧希爾布蘭登(Carole Hillenbrand)是英國著名的伊斯蘭學者,退休前榮譽跟著作等身,本書是她撰寫給一般大眾的作品,不過在我看來,恐怕是要有點基本底子跟對這個主題很大興趣的才會想讀吧。相對於馬洛夫所著的簡史,希爾布蘭登則是將整個大主題分門別類,逐步剖析,告訴讀者從伊斯蘭的角度可以找到,或者需要什麼樣的史料;不單如此,她還解說了這些資料有怎樣的內容,用史學的方式去分析,探討,告訴讀者該注意的重點跟觀察方向等。簡單來講,某種程度上這算是一本“比較通俗”的研究導引。





十世紀以後,伊斯蘭世界也開始逐漸走向下坡,阿拔斯王朝的哈里發變成了有名無實的傀儡,地方都是突厥軍閥爭權奪利,他們彼此內鬥的時間遠比對付入侵的十字軍多太多。這是當時的阿拉伯史家非常尷尬的地方,不論是贊吉、努爾丁、薩拉丁還是拜巴爾都是一個樣,弄的他們必須用春秋筆法來撰史。不過,不管怎樣,最終這場戰爭的勝利者可以說是伊斯蘭世界無誤,他們最終將基督教的入侵者從黎凡特地區驅逐了出去,並在土耳其人的領導下向西歐反擊。

但作者最後又提醒讀者,當代阿拉伯人對十字軍入侵的記憶已然被喚醒,當以色列建國之後,讓他們想起了往事,特別是幾乎在同一塊土地之上。希爾布蘭登諷刺的提醒讀者,事實上猶太人並不屬於基督宗教,但當人們有需要的時候,歷史還是可以“不拘小節”。所以,當代歐美在跟伊斯蘭世界打交道,最好學別忘記這段歷史,並學會用“對方的視角”去看待,而不是再像過去那樣的“單邊主義”。



畢竟,文化之間的隔閡是可以產生很多奇怪的化學反應的。例如,作者也講了兩段很有趣的習俗差異的故事:阿拉伯穆斯林有著會把陰毛刮掉的習慣,但他們會蓄鬍。他們對法蘭克人刮鬍子就很感冒,但卻被嗆:「毛髮是多餘的東西。你將它從自己的私密處刮掉,為什麼我們還要把它留在我們的臉上?」

確實是無可反駁。

不過有趣的是接下來的記載,是一個叫烏薩瑪的阿拉伯貴族從一位叫薩林的隨從那邊聽來。後者是替法蘭克騎士工作。有次他們去了一間穆斯林澡堂,那位騎士發現自己的隨從把陰毛刮乾淨了,於是也命他幫自己除毛。更驚悚的是,騎士很滿意隨從的手藝,於是把他的妻子叫來,對薩林說“對她做你對我做的事情。”然後自己站在旁邊看了整個過程。最後他非常的開心,爽快了付了所有費用。烏薩瑪對這件事情非常的嗤之以鼻,批評他們果然是蠻夷,是在東施效顰。

雖然今天我們讀起這個故事可能覺得趣味,但這種隔閡是可大可小,上至戰爭下到暴動都可能發生。可如果能夠彼此了解的話,就能夠和平共處。作者也曾提過,當時阿拉伯人是可以把久居黎凡特,東方化的“法蘭克人”跟剛初來乍到的“法蘭克人”分的清清楚楚。





總之,本書對十字軍這個主題來說,在華文圈裡,是個不可多得的佳作。至於,如果說還是想要先從西歐的角度觀看這段歷史的話,可以找Jonathan Riley-Smith的《十字軍史》,這本簡體已出,繁體將由黃中憲翻譯,馬可孛羅推出;它是一本相當厚實的研究,而且把範圍拉的很廣,非常的包山包海。此外,BBC拍的紀錄片“The Crusades”也相當不錯,很適合入門。



https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01b...
Profile Image for Kelley.
661 reviews16 followers
November 6, 2011
I used this book for a paper and I found it to be actually very interesting. Great accounts of Muslims at the time of the Crusades- what they did and what they thought. Very rare in Crusades history sadly. It's a large scholarly work, but broken up into many sections like a textbook and containing lots of artwork so it's vey approachable for scholar or Crusades enthusiast alike.
Profile Image for Tsai Wei-chieh.
Author 5 books108 followers
January 2, 2022
本書英文原版於1999年由愛丁堡大學出版社發行,臺灣的廣場出版社於2017年發行正體中文版,譯者為高慧玲。作者運用了各種古代阿拉伯文文獻與銘文等材料,探討中世紀十字軍東征在穆斯林心目中的形象以及對後世穆斯林的影響,特別提到十字軍與穆斯林衝突中的軍事層面。作者主張在第一次十字軍攻占耶路撒冷時大多數穆斯林實際上並未注意到十字軍的宗教聖戰意義。而且大多數當地穆斯林政權將他們視為地方勢力的一部分,在衝突之外也開展和平貿易的關係。而最終蒙古人成為穆斯林與十字軍政權關係惡化的催化劑,因爲穆斯林認為這些「法蘭克人」準備跟蒙古人結盟對付他們,因此最終在1291年埃及的馬穆魯克王朝拿下了阿卡(Acre)與貝魯特等地,將十字軍的勢力驅逐出黎凡特地區(Levant)。而在後世影響上,「法蘭克人」一詞象徵著占領阿拉伯領土的外來者。而且作者主張十字軍幾乎沒有給伊斯蘭世界帶來任何好處,相反地在宗教領域裡,他們給穆斯林留下的只有心理傷痛。在目前這個伊斯蘭教受到西方媒體妖魔化以及杭廷頓(Samuel P. Huntington)所謂「文明衝突」的時代,這段以十字架之名對穆斯林造成傷害與誣蔑的歷史更值得我們反思。
Profile Image for Eressea.
1,910 reviews91 followers
September 19, 2022
今年讀完的第七本伊斯蘭藏書
讀了快四個月才讀完Orzzzz
我快要無法讀超過三百頁的紙本了吧
像這樣的跨度,讀完後面就忘了前面
加上本書是我最討厭的書末註
要看個註釋得要前後一直翻
但廣場好多書都是這樣處理的QQ
電子書的超連結註解好好用啊

回到本書,原來伊斯蘭新史的作者也是他
行文風格盡可能客觀全面,既是萬花筒又是顯微鏡
呈現當時穆斯林對十字軍的各種反應
譯者大部份專有名詞都意譯,需要一點腦內轉換器
譬如馬穆魯克王朝,本書皆作奴兵王朝
另外就是古蘭經沒有找權威中譯
而是直接翻原文的英譯,導致讀起來很像聖經
加上翻譯太翻譯腔,有點拗口難讀
但都是小問題,大體上不影響理解

本書跟阿拉伯人眼中的十字軍東征說的一樣
穆斯林當時並沒有體會到十字軍充滿宗教熱情的一面
難以理解這些西歐騎士們想要為上帝而戰的精神面
對近東幾個十字軍公國,覺得是新來的政治體
是可以合縱連橫的,有些君主甚至還跟十字軍合作攻擊同為穆斯林的對手XD
直到近代才因為以色列,發明了不少反十字軍傳統
看了本書才知道薩拉丁的高貴形象,是近一百年間才出現的
時人反而推崇更之前的努爾丁
看來我似乎該找被發明的傳統來看看~

如果要推薦,還是比較推伊斯蘭新史
翻譯與內容都比這本好懂~
這本實在太硬派啦
Profile Image for Bathed In Sin.
43 reviews2 followers
June 27, 2015
I learned a lot, though the class I had to read this for was pretty difficult. This book makes Muslim and Islamic people, places, and dealings a bit easier to understand. Good formatting. If you want to learn about the crusades this is a great book to start with
Profile Image for Fatma Desoky.
149 reviews27 followers
November 23, 2018
انتهيت من ترجمة هذا الكتاب للعربية للحصول على نسخة يمكنك التواصل على الخاص
وبصفة عامه الكتاب يُلقى نظرة عامه على وجهة النظر الغربيه بعيون إسلامية ... وجدت فيه بعض ما كان غائبا عنى فى قراءاتي للتاريخ ااسلامي
Profile Image for Oleg Ryzhikov.
23 reviews
November 25, 2022
Much more scientific than I expected, so it was a rather difficult, yet very satisfying read. Highly recommended as a great objective alternative and companion to more traditional Crusader's point of view works.
Profile Image for So Hakim.
154 reviews50 followers
February 1, 2010
As the title says, this book offers Islamic perspective on the history of Crusades. Much of it is dedicated to socio-cultural analysis about the Islamic reign in The Holy Land, thus, sacrificing details on chronologies.

However it should be noted that the author really succeeded in what she aimed: bringing the Islamic accounts of the Holy War. Successions and grassroot polemics are well-covered, while more obscure Islamic heroes -- such as Baybars, Nuruddin -- are properly introduced. Recommended as companion if you have foreknowledge about the war's timeline.
Profile Image for faaz.
11 reviews4 followers
May 23, 2010
well... it's a great book. she tell us everything about crusade forum muslim perception. it's rare we found the book tell about crusade from muslim perception. mostly, the historian tell it from western or christian perception. yeah it was the greatest war of the world. 200 years muslim and west (frank) fight for their ideology, for their trust, and for their God.
5 reviews9 followers
Currently reading
July 16, 2009
sejarah lambang Salib(palang) dan Bulan Sabit Merah
Profile Image for Eightyeighth.
12 reviews
December 12, 2014
Orang bule dulu di jaman perang salib masih primitif. Mereka tidak kenal cebok, dan itu terjadi hingga saat ini.
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