A bilingual French/English edition of a paper presented in 1957, as well as an article published in Art News the same year, by Marcel Duchamp. A summarizing of Duchamp's general theoretical framework concerning art as a cultural product as well as an independent, subjective endeavor.
Marcel Duchamp (also known as Rrose Sélavy) was a French artist (he became an American citizen in 1955) whose work and ideas had considerable influence on the development of post-World War I Western art, and whose advice to modern art collectors helped shape the tastes of the Western art world.
While he is most often associated with Dada and Surrealism, his participation in Surrealism was largely behind the scenes, and after being involved in New York Dada, he barely participated in Paris Dada.
Thousands of books and articles attempt to interpret Duchamp's artwork and philosophy, but in interviews and his writing, Duchamp only added to the mystery. The interpretations interested him as creations of their own, and as reflections of the interpreter.
A playful man, Duchamp prodded thought about artistic processes and art marketing, not so much with words, but with actions such as dubbing a urinal "art" and naming it Fountain. He produced relatively few artworks as he quickly moved through the avant-garde rhythms of his time.
How does one make art? Or rather, who actually makes art?
In this short essay, Marcel Duchamp argues that the artist is a medium. Refusing to believe his fellow artists, he refutes the idea that the artist is conscious of the interpretation of his work. Indeed, Marcel Duchamp acknowledges the spectator as a part of the creative process. The artist can only interpret his work through his own eyes, but a thousand spectators will form different opinions.
In that regard, spectators prevail over artists for the simple reason that only they decide who gets to ascend into posterity.
“No acto criador o artista vai da intenção à realização passando por uma cadeia de reacções totalmente subjectivas. A sua luta pela realização é uma série de esforços, dores, satisfações, recusas e decisões que não podem nem devem ser plenamente conscientes, pelo menos no plano estético.
O resultado do seu esforço é a diferença entre a intenção e a realização, diferença essa de que o artista não tem consciência.”