There are two frequent observations made about fairy tales, and these two supposed truisms contradict one another. The first is that fairy tales are actually more shocking than we realised, and the second is that children can endure this better than we think they can, and they enjoy the darkness of the original tales.
Clearly if the second comment was true, then adults would not be so shocked to learn what is really in fairy tales. In reality, we only learn about the dark side of fairy tales when we are adults because we are carefully protected from them when we are children, often given abridged versions of the books or Disneyfied movies that remove the more frightening or upsetting scenes.
Whether or not children really enjoy macabre tales is open to question, but I can only say that I would have been repelled by any tale that offered bleak endings and grim happenings with no great moral to them.
Andersen’s fairy tales fit well into this model. Whilst they are not the most shocking children’s stories around, they offer up tales of beheadings, mutilation, hypothermia and needless deaths and sufferings.
For Andersen, there is none of the certainties of ‘once upon a time’ or ‘lived happily ever after’. He sometimes improbably insists that the stories are true, and sometimes says that there is no happy ending, or at least not in this world.
It is difficult to summarise the contents of a collection of short stories, and in any case the reader probably knows many of the tales, albeit perhaps not in their original form. Andersen provided the world with The (Little) Mermaid, The Red Shoes, Thumbelina, The Snow Queen (made into the movie ‘Frozen’), The Emperor’s New Clothes and The Ugly Duckling.
The stories are characterised by a certain imaginative empathy that allows Andersen to put himself in the place of his talking animals or inanimate, but sentient objects. What would a bottle stopper or the moon see, and how would they feel about it? How would animals talk to each other? This quality, along with plenty of flowery and romantic descriptions, is one of the aspects of Andersen that makes his tales so appealing.
Another appealing quality is the brevity of the stories. The stories are short, sometimes very short. The longest ones would barely supply half a novella. This ensures that none of the tales outstay their welcome, even when they descend into morbid sentimentality or trite pieties. The length of the tales also makes them child-friendly, and good bedtime stories.
As a final advantage, a short story is useful to anyone who wishes to adapt the tale, since they can keep the bare bones of the story whilst imposing their own individual stamp on it. This is clear in the many movie versions of Andersen’s stories, but sometimes his works have a more subtle influence.
When we read of a corrupted young boy who leaves with a Snow Queen, we can detect echoes of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. A supporting character in another story is a master builder who builds castles in the air, and later Ibsen went on to write a play about just that.
The other appealing quality about Andersen is that his tales are innocent and literal-minded, sometimes to the point of absurdity. We live in an age where children’s stories are a little too knowing and stuffed with subtext and postmodernist winks to the adult members of the readership or audience.
There are many advantages to this latter style, and we now finally have family fiction, something that can appeal to all ages. However, it is hard not to hark back to the innocence of the days of earlier storytelling for children where the story is told simply and we are left to impose our own meaning on it.
This is something that people can easily do with Andersen, and it is easy to apply your own criteria to his tales – Marxist, feminist, and (especially) psychoanalytical. However, none of this is put there intentionally by the author. His tales pour out their meanings in an entirely artless and unconscious way, and perhaps this is what makes them so seemingly rich in alternative meanings.
In reality, there is little even of allegorical or metaphorical meaning in Andersen. The Emperor’s New Clothes seems to come closest, but even this tale can be read literally as an exemplary tale, rather than as a metaphor.
If there is any subtext in Andersen, it is perhaps autobiographical, and it is here that we can find some glimpses into the political, moral and religious thoughts and feelings of its author. Indeed, Andersen admits that his characters were based on real people.
The tale that seems to come closest to telling that of Andersen’s life is The Ugly Duckling, in which an unattractive and awkward duckling is shunned by everyone until it grows up into a beautiful swan that is admired by everyone.
Andersen had a difficult start to his life. He knew poverty and hard conditions, and he remained socially awkward throughout his life, forming unsuccessful and often embarrassing attachments to both men and women. He famously visited Dickens once, but stayed so long that Dickens and his wife grew heartily sick of him, leading to a rift that he never understood.
This may explain why Andersen’s stories often deal with people who are hard on their luck, and have known suffering. A notable example is the tale of The Little Match Girl. Shivering in the cold, she lights the matches and fantasises about beautiful things, including her grandmother coming to take her to Heaven. The next day she is found frozen to death.
Andersen then had compassion for suffering and for people who are hard on their luck. The tale also illustrates another element of his fairy tales, which is that they are suffused with Christian sentiment, often of a morbid and mawkish nature, and the stories often end with characters ascending to Heaven.
The morality of the tales is curious though. Sometimes there is a very harsh Christian judgmentalism in them, and at other times there is a strangely amoral tinge. Hence a little girl is punished very harshly for pride in The Girl Who Trod on a Loaf, experiencing a living death beneath the marshes because she chooses to protect her shoes by treading on a loaf.
However, in The Tinder Box, a soldier decapitates a witch who has helped him to a fortune, purely because she has refused to hand him a tinder box. In spite of improvidently spending this fortune, he is saved at the end of the tale by an act of mass-murder which includes regicide, and is able to marry the dead king’s daughter.
Andersen often refers to Old Testament tales as if they are true. It is not clear, however, whether he believes they are literally true or if this is simply the respect given by one spinner of fairy tales to another.
However, while morality and justice are often confused in the stories, and often only to be found in the next world, there is always a romanticism about the tales, and we are left in little doubt about Andersen’s enthusiasm for the past, and the writers he likes. He fills the tales with beautiful descriptive passages that are a pleasure to read, and he writes with great imagination and variety.