Anne Boleyn is often exposed as either a disreputable woman or a saint. There is no reservation that she was driven by aspiration and she did cause distress to Henry’s first wife, Catherine of Aragon, and her daughter, Mary, as well as to others who opposed her. However, Anne was not the immoral murderess represented in unreceptive sources, nor a fiend.
Equally, she was no Protestant saint, driven only by a craving for religious reform. Anne was determined and it was always her goal that drove her.
This book is structured in four parts.
1) ‘Background and Beginnings’ focusses on Anne’s beginnings, her education, her launch into English court life and the reasons for the impact she made. That leads on to a argument of the romantic relationships which she had or is supposed to have had, and hence to her contract to marry the king.
2) ‘A Difficult Engagement’ looks at the oft-told history of Henry VIII’s attempt to liberate himself to marry, but with a focus on Anne which destabilizes male-dominated explanations of tradition.
3) Part III, ‘Anne the Queen’, inspects Anne’s marriage and consequential lifestyle, offering a picture of what it meant to be the consort of an English king at an exaggeration well in excess of what is possible for almost all her predecessors. Illustrating this is an almost absolute show of such visual confirmation as has survived, which, in turn, supports detailed discussions of Anne’s portraiture, of her role as an artistic patron, of the day-to-day background of royal living and of her mind and beliefs.
4) The concluding segment, ‘A Marriage Destroyed’, deliberates on the final months of the queen’s life, demonstrating the unexpected and unanticipated nature of her fall, the coup which hurried it, the deceit of the case against her and the tensions of her last days.
Anne Boleyn was a stupendous woman for her day. She set out to arrange an imposing wedding for herself and she can never have imagined just how great a wedding she could snare. When she saw a chance, she took it and she played the game as politically as any of Henry’s ministers.
In the end, Anne’s gamble failed and she suffered for this as, ultimately, so too did many of the most prominent politicians of Henry’s reign.
Nobody would describe Thomas Cromwell or Cardinal Wolsey as helpless victims and Anne would also not have considered herself as a victim. She played the game and she lost, but she would have known that that was always a possibility. As Anne is frequently recorded as saying, there was a prophecy that a queen would be burned and she did not care.
To become a queen, even with the risks associated with this, was a gamble worth taking.
Anne Boleyn was an extraordinary woman living in very difficult times for women. She did not set out to win the king and she may, at first, have been unsure of exactly what to do with the married Henry. She was exclusive and she fuelled a great love and lust in Henry which, notwithstanding his five other wives and numerous mistresses, he had never known before and would never know again. Only Anne Boleyn had the power to occupy Henry VIII’s every waking attention and purpose.
With her appeal and her bluntness, Anne was the most remarkable woman the king ever met. For nearly a decade she was always Henry VIII’s craze and his obsession. It was that fixation that ultimately cost her her life as the reality of Anne, as wife and queen, could never live up to the image of her that had been built up in Henry’s mind.
Anne Boleyn used Henry’s obsession to drive him forward and change the course of English history over their marriage. In due course, however, Henry’s neurotic love turned to detestation and even Anne was unable to protect herself from the outcomes.
The fine points that we carry from this book are the following:
1) Anne Boleyn is the most controversial woman ever to wear the crown of England. Among Henry VIII’s six wives, she is the only one to be a household name and she is remembered as both famous and infamous.
2) Even nearly five hundred years after her death, Anne still stirs up strong emotions. She often appears as a character in films, television and novels, as well as being the subject of numerous biographies.
3) Accounts of Anne differ. Some biographers render her as a casualty of Henry VIII and an almost virtuous figure, a woman who could do no wrong. Others show Anne in a more unreceptive light, focussing on the rumours of murder and cruelty that surrounded her and on her treatment of Henry’s first wife and eldest daughter. Anne Boleyn has been extensively studied since at least the early 19th century.
4) She remains as much a focus for debate as she was during her lifetime. Both today and in the sixteenth century people either loved or hated Anne Boleyn.
5) Anne Boleyn was no stereotype. She was an extraordinary woman living in difficult times. In a world where noblewomen received arranged marriages, Anne forged her own path. She carved out a career for herself, first in Brussels and then in Paris before returning reluctantly for the marriage that was arranged for her.
6) Anne rejected that marriage, a scandalous course for the time, and arranged her own much more high profile match. When this engagement was broken, Anne, who had little beauty, used her wit and grace to make herself one of the most talked about ladies of the court, even attracting the king.
The author ends his book with the following observation: “For twenty years after May 1536, Anne Boleyn was a non-person. People who had known her said nothing, while the king, who knew most, grew old, obese and bad-tempered. When he had allowed Cromwell to strike Anne down, Henry had been at the height of his splendour.
By the time he allowed Cromwell himself to be struck down four years later, the physical deterioration was obvious. Four more attempts at marriage brought him little joy. Jane Seymour’s death in childbirth left him with the son he had done so much evil to get, but his remaining wives were barren.
Number four was divorced; number five, Katherine Howard, died by the axe on Tower Green and is buried in St Peter’s, near her cousin Anne; but the luck of the sixth held out, despite the risks of mothering a sick and irascible old man.
And all the while there was little said of Anne, and little left of her but her child, the young Elizabeth, who had been declared a bastard but who was nevertheless acknowledged as the king’s daughter.
Despite her youth and her mother’s shame, she was a valuable card in the diplomatic marriage game and in 1544 she was restored to the succession. A ‘very pretty’, bright and intelligent girl, prematurely cautious’. When her elder sister Mary came to the throne in 1553, the 20-year-old Elizabeth found she needed that caution as never before.
On Palm Sunday 1554 Anne Boleyn’s daughter was brought by river to the Tower of London, just as her mother had been almost eighteen years earlier. Suspected of plotting rebellion, she spent the next two months in the Bell Tower, followed by almost a year under house arrest in Oxfordshire.
In 1558, however, the miracle happened. On Monday, 28 November, to the cheers of the London crowd and the roar of the Tower artillery, Elizabeth came through the gates to take possession of the fortress as queen.
The bastardized daughter of the disgraced Anne Boleyn, with her father’s complexion but her mother’s face, splendidly dressed in purple velvet: Elizabeth, by the grace of God, queen of England, France and Ireland, defender of the faith. Is it fanciful to feel that after twenty years, the mother in the nearby grave in the chapel of St Peter was at last vindicated?”
A most recommended book.