Construire avec le peuple

by Hassan Fathy, Yana Kornel (Translator)

En 1945 l'architecte égyptien Hassan Fathy est chargé de construire un important village : Gourna, près de Louxor. Après une étude de la société paysanne, de ses traditions, de ses activités, de ses conditions de vie, Hassan Fathy proposera des solutions révolutionnaires et construira un village d'une grande beauté, un des plus grands lieux architecturaux du Tiers Monde moderne. Il inventera une urbanisation humaine inspirée des traditions locales, utilisera le matériau millénaire : la brique de boue, formera sur le chantier des paysans-maçons ; tout en luttant contre une bureaucratie sceptique et corrompue. C'est aux paysans qu'il a dédié son livre, à ceux dont il dit : "Un paysan ne parle jamais d'art, il produit l'art."

Genres: Architecture

432 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1973

About the author

Hassan Fathy, who was born in Alexandria in 1900 and died in Cairo in 1989, is Egypt's best known architect since Imhotep. In the course of a long career with a crescendo of acclaim sustaining his later decades, the cosmopolitan trilingual professor-engineer-architect, amateur musician, dramatist, and inventor, designed nearly 160 separate projects, from modest country retreats to fully planned communities with police, fire, and medical services, with markets, schools and theatres, with places for worship and others for recreation, including many, like laundry facilities, ovens, and wells that planners less attuned to sociability might call workstations.

Although the importance of Fathy's contribution to world architecture became clear only as the twentieth century waned, his contribution to Egypt was obvious decades before, at least to outside observers. As early as halfway through his three building seasons at New Gourna (a town for the resettlement of tomb robbers, designed for beauty and built with mud) the project was being admired abroad. In March 1947 it was applauded in a popular British weekly, half a year later in a British professional journal, and praise from Spanish professionals followed the next year. A year of silence (1949, when Fathy published a literary fable) was followed by attention in one French[citation needed] and two Dutch periodicals,[citation needed] one of which made it the lead story.

Fathy's next major engagement, designing and supervising school construction for Egypt's Ministry of Education, further extended his leave from the College of Fine Arts, where he had begun teaching in 1930. In 1953 he returned, heading the architecture section the next year. In 1957, frustrated with bureaucracy and convinced that buildings would speak louder than words, he moved to Athens to collaborate with international planners evolving the principles of ekistical design under the direction of Constantinos Doxiadis. He served as the advocate of traditional natural-energy solutions in major community projects for Iraq and Pakistan and undertook, under related auspices, extended travel and research for "Cities of the Future" program in Africa.[citation needed]

Returning to Cairo in 1963, he moved to Darb al-Labbana, near the Citadel, where he lived and worked for the rest of his life in the intervals between speaking and consulting engagements. As a man with a riveting message in an era searching for alternatives, in fuel, in personal interactions, in economic supports, he moved from his first major international appearance at the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Boston in 1969, to multiple trips per year as a leading critical member of the architectural profession. His book on Gourna, published in a limited edition in 1969, became even more influential in 1973 with its new English title Architecture for the Poor. His professional mission increasingly took him abroad. His participation in the U.N. Habitat conference in 1976 in Vancouver was followed shortly by two events that significantly shaped the rest of his activities: he began to serve on the steering committee for the nascent Aga Khan Award for Architecture, and he founded and set guiding principles for his Institute of Appropriate Technology. In 1980, he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Architecture and Urban Planning and the Right Livelihood Award.

Briefly married to Aziza Hassanein, he left no direct descendants, but the children of his five brothers and sisters, aware of the obligation to preserve the heritage of their uncle tried to make sure that the materials transmitting his ideals and his art will remain available in Egypt, for the future benefit that country.

Reviews

[Elisala · Rating 3 out of 5]

L'auteur architecte explique son point de vue sur l'architecture et l'urbanisme dans les campagnes égyptiennes, en cherchant des solutions aux problèmes de pauvreté, de manque de place, de manque d'hygiène, de maladie.

En particulier, l'auteur propose de réhabiliter la construction à base de brique de boue, au travers du système de construction dite de la voûte nubienne (cf. http://www.lavoutenubienne.org/), construction moins chère, moins technique et bien plus adaptée aux ressources disponibles sur place que la construction béton qui s'est malheureusement développée également en Egypte. C'est aussi une technique qui permet plus facilement de recourir à la main d'oeuvre locale et à l'auto-construction (au moins partielle), qui assure des maisons climatiquement plus intéressantes, plus grandes, plus belles, plus nobles, j'ose le dire.

C'est un livre intéressant, par les idées exposées, par l'humanisme énorme qui en ressort ; la description de la voûte nubienne, de la brique de boue et de l'auto-construction ont été pour moi une vraie révélation.
C'est un livre frustrant, aussi, parce que l'auteur fait parfois un peu penser à Don Quichotte se battant contre les moulins à vent, que ses théories, hé bien, restent théoriques, ça donne un côté un peu creux au livre, aux descriptions, aux idées. C'est dommage, parce que les idées sont belles.