James Robinson (JR) has written an amazing book. It is a biography of a larger than life hero of the South, Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson. It is also an almost day to day narrative of the Civil War in Virginia and Maryland during 1862 and 1863.
Using letters, official reports and the postbellum writings of the participants, JR provides amazing detail such as what Jackson had for breakfast on a given day. Exhaustive research, remarkable detail and objectivity are the strengths of this book; this is his Magnum opus.
JR has taken us from the Jackson’s family ancestral roots in Ireland to his death in Chancellorsville, Virginia, and all points in between; a very thorough job indeed!
JR’s description of Jackson’s early life is quite revealing, and I believe it formed the man who would become Stonewall. Rural Virginia in the nineteenth century was an isolated place populated by hard people who had a difficult life living off the land, where death caused by disasters, childbirth, and disease was always close by.
Jackson lost both his parents early in his life, and he never got over the loss. As the only siblings, He and his sister clung to each other, yet, they were split up and placed amongst family in different and remote parts of the Shenandoah Valley; they did not see each other again for many years. While the extended families provided food and shelter, He was a young and lonely boy. These pressures may have helped in the creation of his introverted nature and ideocracies in later years. The loss of a wife and child to early death were also devastating blows and were the catalyst for his embrace of religion.
JR is an acclaimed historian with an emphasis on the Civil War and his professionalism shines through in this work. Reading a 900 plus page effort can become a little tedious, yet, JR’s style and focus keeps his readers captivated.
One of the primary precepts of writing a biography is to be objective, while describing the virtues and faults of the subject. Many authors become devotees of their subjects and blind to their failings. While this reviewer does not indict JR for this fault, I do believe that his Southern roots are present in his narrative.
JR does criticize this icon. In his summaries of battles won and lost, he points to Jackson’s genius and errors of commission and omission. He criticizes Jackson’s refusal to share plans with subordinates, and this practice of keeping everyone in the dark about strategy and destinations, at times caused confusion in battle resulting in the unnecessary loss of life. JR paints a picture of Jackson that has resulted in this reader never sure of his real nature.
Jackson’s genius for war is interesting, and I wonder what character traits make for a great warrior chief? Historians have compared Jackson to Napoleon Bonaparte, as well as a proponent of the Art of War by Sun Tzu and all these comparisons are appropriate. How did Jackson become a great warrior chief? Did he study these things at West Point? If he did why didn’t the other cadets learn the same lessons? His genius was in knowing how to pick the right terrain to fight his battles, how to pick the right spot to attack and always getting there first with the most. Grant and Sheridan on the Federal side had these traits but not many other leaders. Was Jackson a student of war? Was he well read on the subject? Or was it just instinct! This book does not discuss the subject of where Jackson’s genius came from, it only points to it.
What is presented quite clearly in this narrative is the fact that Jackson at times is maniacal. He is driven by his love for his native land and his deep family roots in that land. On several occasions, it is stated by him and other Southerners that the reason we fight was…” we were invaded!” He is driven by a furious religious faith that makes him feel personally invincible and on a mission for God.
This reviewer has difficulty in accepting this religious fervor in Jackson probably because of my own views on religion and the inability to forsake my twenty-first century perspective for a nineteenth century viewpoint. The fact that Jackson felt that he had a personal relationship with his God is somewhat of a self-centered arrogance. That his God’s guiding hand helped him to kill his enemies is insane! Didn’t Jackson understand that the Federal soldiers also prayed for victory and to be protected in battle by God?
Didn’t Jackson understand that this war was fought for only one reason ……. the issue of slavery! This religious fanatic owned slaves and he bought and sold slaves. He rented slaves out to provide for his comfortable lifestyle. Then, he states, that slavery is God’s will! So, if I am a slave, I should accept that God wants me to be a slave to enrich this man, I think not! As I stated previously this is a nineteenth century mind that I cannot understand. JR’s southern roots are evident in this issue of slavery. He is not the thorough historian on this subject, he does a dance through this mine field to go on describing Jackson’s genius for war.
Jackson ate little and slept even less. He was cold and insensitive to others even as a teacher at VMI. In military matters, he had extraordinarily little discussion with his staff concerning strategy and objectives. He was constantly arresting his subordinate officers for in many cases minor issues. These were southern patriots, they were men of education and accomplishment, some even General officers; yet, Jackson criticized and belittled them. Here is a very poignant comment made by General Alexander Lawton about Jackson, “Old Jack holds himself as the god of war, giving short sharp commands distinctly rapidly and decisively, without consultation or explanation and remonstrances. Being himself absolutely fearless, he goes ahead on his own hook, asking no advice and resenting inference. He places no value on human life, caring for nothing so much as fighting, unless it is praying. Illness, wounds, and all disabilities he defines as inefficiency and indications of a lack of patriotism. Suffering from insomnia, he often uses his men as a sedative, and when he cannot sleep calls them up to march them out a few miles, then marches them back. He never praises his men for gallantry, because it is their duty to be gallant and they do not deserve credit for doing their duty. This is quite an indictment and maybe a little too strong, yet. it says to me that after 900 pages, we do not know this man.
Another aspect of this book that I could not understand was the devotion of the common soldier to Jackson; He was viewed as a God of War. Obviously, because of his many victories and demonstrated genius in those victories. My twenty-first century mind has trouble relating to these soldiers who cheered him at every sighting. They were mostly boys who were usually partially naked, shoeless, and starving. They matched incredible distances through sun, rain, sleet, snow, ice, and knee-deep mud. Then upon arrival at the destination went into battles so ferocious that thousands were killed and wounded. Only to repeat the process of exhausting march into another blood bath. Didn’t these people understand PSTD? Post-traumatic stress disorder is an anxiety disorder that develops following frightening, stressful, or distressing life events. Characterized by intense fear, helplessness, and stress, PTSD affects normal life and functioning of the patient. Were these boys immune to this twenty first century condition? Jackson drove them hard and seemed to not see the suffering of his army, maybe this was part of his genius. It was once said of another great warrior of World War II George Patton, that he was “Old blood and guts, the soldier’s blood and his guts”. In the case of U.S. Grant, he found the enemy and stuck to them like a bulldog while the casualties on both sides zoomed all great warriors seem to have these same traits. As previously stated, JR does provide balance in another quote he say’s, “the stillness of that winter afternoon vanished as regiment after regiment, battery after battery, squadron after squadron, exploded spontaneously into whoops and shouts. Each unit took up the loud cheering and continued as long as the general was in sight, before long and from courtesy, Jackson removed his cap as little Sorrel pranced and snorted while making its way through the long column. Men suffering from cold, hunger and weariness forgot their miseries at the sight of Old Jack and added their voices to the acclamation”. Jackson didn’t seem likable to me, yet, I agree that likability is not a criteria for a great General, I don’t like him, yet, if we must have wars, we surely thank God that men like him are on your side.
Aside from describing Jackson’s many victories in battle, our author makes a gallant attempt to capture the essence of the man and at times he is successful. JR supplies quotes from the people closest to him, subordinates and those who have run afoul of him, so you get so much commentary going in some many directions that I find it difficult to know this man. At times, he is mad, other times he is a brilliant warrior, other times a brutal task master, and at other times, a church elder, sophisticated business man, and a man who is a welcomed guest to the homes of the South’s elite citizens.
When the Army went into winter quarters, after Antietam, JR presented a softer Jackson. He visited homes and was gracious and witty. His wife came to visit with the new baby Julia, and he was a proud father. During this period, we saw the humanity in the man, and it did provide some balance to the harsh strict demanding persona of a General Stonewall Jackson.
The battle of Chancellorsville is described superbly in hour by hour detail. Jackson, Lee, and Stewart develop a desperate plan that could bring defeat to the South, if it failed. Jackson quietly moved his second corps around the Federal army and inflicted a punishing blow to the Federal right flank. This could be Jackson’s greatest feat in his fighting career, he says as such from his death bed. Beginning in darkness, He moved the second Corps approximately 13,000 in number, ten miles in lighting speed, all the while riding up and down the long line encouraging and cajoling. What amazed this reviewer was that his Corps sensed what Jackson was doing and to a man were “all in”, at times they were running during the 10-mile march to get onto the federal right flank. This one fact speaks volumes about how the Second Corps felt about Jackson, and volumes about Jackson as a God of War and a inspirational leader of men. These men sensed that Old jack was up to his brilliant self and about to do the impossible. They just knew he was pursuing greatness and they were going to be part of it.
Jackson is wounded in an after dark reconnaissance and here again JR’s narrative becomes captivating. In minute detail from the time Stonewall is hit three times by the large 57 caliber bullets fired by his own men, the description of the scene is surreal. How the wounds were inflicted, how Jackson suffered in silence even when dropped by litter bearers twice! His final hours on this earth are captured by the words of the men and doctors at his side. JR with his attention to detail ably puts the reader right next to Jackson in his final hours.
The epilogue traces the trip to Jackson’s final resting place in the cemetery at Lexington and the outpouring of emotion at every point along the way. The whole spectacle reminded this reader of the pageantry displayed by our nation at the death of President Kennedy in 1963. Many Generals perished in the Civil War; none were mourned like Jackson.
In finality, one can only speculate about later battles if Jackson was present. What would Gettysburg have been like if Old Jack had been on the field? We can only guess.
Richardson deserves a world of credit for this master piece.