Develops Althusser's account of the relationship between literature and ideology in an analysis aimed at students. Macherey applies his theory to selected works of four major 20th-century writers.
Pierre Macherey is a French Marxist literary critic at the University of Lille Nord de France. A former student of Louis Althusser and collaborator on the influential volume Reading Capital, Macherey is a central figure in the development of French post-structuralism and Marxism. His work is influential in literary theory and Continental philosophy in Europe (including Britain) though it is generally little read in the United States.
Un classique de la critique littéraire marxiste-structuraliste (althusserienne) que j’ai beaucoup apprécié il y a 25 ans quand je l’ai lu pour la première fois.
Je devrais m’y remettre pour vérifier s’il a bien vieilli.
This is the second time that I have read through this text, and still find it somewhat strangely constructed. Macherey argues that we need to break out of a set of habits that have made previous efforts of literary criticism a art rather than a science. These approaches have looked at the novel as an object to be consumed, and by token, a unitary object or a failed unitary object, rather than examining the processes of literary production. He includes the structuralist method in this camp. Instead, he proposes that the text be understood in its multiplicity, in its literary engagement with the ideological material of its time leading to a text that is understood through its gaps, lacunae, etc (the Freudian influence should be evident here.) He does this by combining a number of articles produced around the time, beginning with a critique of earlier approaches literary criticism, and then moves into earlier articles on Lenin's reading of Tolstoy, and Macherey's own critique of structuralism (which recapitulates a lot of the earlier chapters in a shorter and more focused manner. It could have easily opened the text as an introduction.) It then moves into a set of interesting readings of Verne, Borges, and Balzac. However, there is quite a bit of repetition similar to the early work of Althusser, along with a number of enigmatic moments that make me feel like I need a third reading.
Aye, aye, aye—the condition is the principle necessary for the process (i.e., the creation of a question). The *condition* is a theoretical object. Before we can discuss the *production* of a literary text, we must look at the conditions that give rise to it, I guess. One crucial aspect at the incipit of a text, Macherey argues, is LABOUR. The author is not a creator because he is one who reassembles. The endless seriphs and signs that turn into texts exist like elements, which the author combines. An author is no more a creator than a pianist is a piano-maker.
Another careful observation made by Macherey: when thought is reduced to art, it is stripped of history. Criticism distilled to technique is a universal function. Criticism should not be an art, but it is not a science. Science is empirical, but literary discourse avoids the rigorous nature of science whose subject matter is defined by strictness and coherence. The Hegelian interpretation of the historical process confuses history and theory, which makes theorising empirical.
Laying groundwork about the investigative ethics (if ethics is the right word), Macherey turns his eye toward what can be said definitively—the only empiricism in literary theory—about fiction: it has its beginning and its end, or envers/endroits. The detective story, he writes, is a useful metaphor for Spinoza’s cause and effect: to solve the mystery of a detective novel, we may be tempted to flip through the mystery itself to find the answer waiting on the last page. The reveal, in this instance, is insouciant. In itself, it is meaningless; only by reading from the envers, passing through the production of plot, does the endroits—the unmasking of the culprit—gain any value or meaning. The solution of a mystery does not explain the causes of the mystery in the first place.
Thus, methodology and object are mutually determining: the method is necessary to construe any object, and the authority of the method is derived from the existence of the object. One depends upon, and changes with, the other as pole and antipode on a revolving product. For this reason, Macherey continues, the critic may well believe s/he has a relationship with the author, or perhaps in the author’s eyes is necessary. Without the charged reader, the text is produced as a dead battery. And so, criticism which treats art as something to consume—as opposed to something with which we must be engaged—falls into the empiricist fallacy.
Macherey pivots at this point toward Poe’s idea of poetic genesis: the author makes his/her beginning with an end in mind. By having one’s end in sight, the author can move and pivot with calculated, conductor-like purpose. Readers, then, can read beyond the surface of a text trying to uncover the author’s unspoken intentions. Here Macherey might suggest that we read in a writerly way (to adapt the phrase from Roland Barthes). (The term writerly, however, would not apply in Barthes’ sense, since Macherey states explicitly that even the straightforward novel has chthonic currents that resist a linear narrative. All that is linear in a text is the pole and antipole. Whatever happens in between is suspect.) Macherey’s ideal reader is always looking for a writer’s motives, trying to anticipate the trajectory s/he will take. Behind the scenes of the straightforward, surface-level text, we find the swirling forces—nebulous impulses that are music-like in their primitive and languageless nature—that lead to the “controlled drama of genesis”
If ideas do not survive without context, and if a reader is crucial for the writer, then Macherey sees a neoclassical view of the critic wherein the commentary exists equally with the text. Criticism is not a judgment of good or bad. “The work is determined: it is itself and nothing else. Here we have the beginnings of a rational method. Our discourse can be more than just a commentary because there is nothing that can be altered in the discourse of the work. Thus stabilised, if not, as we shall see, immobilised, the literary work becomes a theoretical object” (40). One thinks of medieval history, folklore, etc. They become theoretical objects. The real about which we read last week is “formulated in the discourse of work” and “always arbitrary” because it “depends entirely on the unfolding of this discourse.” between beginning and end, author and reader (p 37).
Throughout Macherey’s production, he returns repeatedly to the question of whether any text can be an island unto itself. Balzac, when he writes of Paris, is writing about Balzac’s Paris, but he knows we can populate it with our Paris. They are not the same, and the text relies on our world. Tolstoy’s Napoleon, likewise, exists in a world where language has freedom to do what it wants without being held to our own world. “In short, a book never arrives unaccompanied: it is a figure against a background of other formations, depending on them rather than contrasting with them.” (53)
The text is understood both through what it presents to us, as well as what it excludes. Gaps and lacunae are found and, using the zeitgeist of the text’s creation, we can help produce a text. Production of literature exists in the significant ways an author alludes to our world while creating his/her own. The text, remember, is a background against other formations. The text is dependent on the world beyond it, and so the critic/reader is necessary. This is the “literary space” (62). It is the “scene of mystification.” The writer sends empty messages, or rather coded messages. We reveal the truth of the absence. The author creates with labour. We, the critic, have the “labour of elaboration” (62).
Criticism is the act of reading beyond the surface; it is the reader’s effort to get beyond the narrative between ends and understand that poetic genesis discussed above. The keystone, I think, of literary production for Macherey is absense, which lets a text maintain independence from a structure. As stated above, Balzac’s Paris is not the real Paris, but depends upon our understanding of Paris.
Using this method of literary production, obviously, creates a problem for any text which claims to be authoritative, since no book is its own arbiter. Can a text exist outside of the structure of a sign, a signifier, and what it signifies? If not, no text is authoritative or true. The Bible must exist outside of the Structuralist’s dilemma if it is to be authoritative. Macherey works with three uses of language: illusion, fiction, theory; the problem I found, though, is (what I perceived to be) his obsession with objectivism; or, maybe it's better to say that he wants desperately for there to be an anchoring point outside of the Symbolist structure. (I'm told Derrida was keen on Macherey before going down the SS&P edgelord freeway.) After 200 pages, one suspects Macherey wants his cake to eat and etc. By the end of the book, it's very clear he's taking all of Symbolism while stepping outside of it, proposing no clear solution. Surely, it ain't easy to come up with a sweeping, laconic essay that can dismantle Symbolist thought (which I still find attractive), while nevertheless clinging to its most clarion principles. Reading half of a century later, the answers to these stupid questions all seem much clearer, but that's because we're looking backward, obviously. For Macherey, he was putting his cigarettes out on the glass ceiling of Symbolism. A worn out cathedral with a frivolous confession booth. Yes! Yes, yes yes! yes, yes, yes, yes.
Truth fits uncomfortably in all three categories of lit for Macky. Where does this leave history and its pursuit of the real? Language precedes the world, constructing it according to its own rules of signification; fine. But, language also precedes the text, and labour precedes the language/text, and genesis precedes its own utterance. The book of Genesis, in fact—yeah, even the first axiom of the Book of John—must all be preceded by genesis. If “in the beginning was the word,” then the big bang of thought was already permeated by Macherey’s three uses of language: illusion, fiction, theory. Where then is room for authority? He doesn't address this, but he claims it. Where is room for the existence of a word outside of interpretation? When Roland Barthes declares all authors dead, we might hear from the past the echoing words of 19th century socialism and Louis Auguste Blanqui: Ni dieu ni maître! I don't think Macherey would agree, even if his book argues for just that pornhub link.
I will write a longer and more details review of this book in the future, but I will just note that the 5 stars indicates that this is the most significant work literary theory you will ever read. It's significance and value is rather underappreciated but that is to be expected since it is a work of Marxist theory, and Althusserian Marxist theory at that - not welcome or able to be appreciated by most even in Marxist theory.
I will also note that, despite the marketing, this is not a work of 'post-structuralism' (or structuralism), and it shares nothing in common with the litany of bourgeois and petite bourgeois French philosophers and theorists that is gets grouped with. Derrida may have bastardised and idealised certain aspects of Macherey's work but that doesn't warrant disparaging Macherey's name via association simply because he was a victim of such craven intellectual appropriation. Also, I do wish people would actually read these texts, since, e.g., there is a whole section in the book where Macherey critiques Barthes' structuralism and draws a line of demarcation between that project and his own; anyone wanting to lump Macherey in with that lot would have to have either disregarded this entirely or simply not read it.
Literature completes ideology - if you are able to comprehend this, you will never read a work of literature the same way again.
Macherey'in Murat Belge ve Birikim ekibi tarafından hangi ideolojik saiklerle Türkiye solunun gündemine sokulmaya çalışılması bir yana, "Edebî Üretim Teorisi"nin Marksist edebiyat eleştirisi geleneğine değerli katkılar yaptığı bir gerçek. Özne-yapı arasındaki "gerilim"e yapıya çubuk bükerek ve üstyapısal alanların üretim ve yeniden-üretim mekanizmalarına göreli bir özerklik atfederek Ortodoks gelenekten ayrılıyor Macherey. Buna karşın, Jules Verne üzerine olan bölüm çok değerli; keza Balzac'ın "Köylüler"i üzerine yazdıkları da. Postyapısalcıların metnin anlamını yok sayan, yerle bir eden ve anlamsızlığı yücelten kanonuna karşı tutunabilecek pek çok noktası var Macherey'in.
İlk kültürel motor faaliyetimiz, sanata dair genelgeçer çıkarımları sorgulamadan kabul etmektir. Küçük ve basit bir yapı taşı olarak kabul edilebilecek aileden, geniş ve karmaşık topluma kadar her katmanın fikri, bizim de fikrimizdir. Bu katmanlar içerisinde düşüncemiz daima pragmatisttir: Sanatın nasıl daha iyi olabileceğini düşünürüz ya da nasıl daha faydalı olabileceğini. Sanatın “ne” olduğunu düşünmek ise aklımıza gelmez. Hâlbuki bu soru, özü dışında birçok soruya cevap verebilen yoğun bir düşünme sürecinin temelidir.
Sanat dalları içerisinde şüphesiz ki edebiyat, bu kültürel motor faaliyetin eziciliğini en çok hissedendir. Varoluşundan bu yana toplumsal hafızanın temeli olmuş, içinde bulunduğu toplumu eğitme vazifesini “üstlenmiş”, kimi zaman yalnız üst orta sınıf için bir anlam ifade etmiş, kimi zamansa yalnızca bulanık ve umutsuz bir bilinçte yükselmiştir. Hâlâ devam eden bu ilginç ve zorlu yolculuğunda edebiyatın “ne” olduğu sorusu belirli bir döneme kadar, nadiren akıllara düşmüştür. Çünkü edebiyat “vardır.” İnsanlık, yüzyıllarca düştüğü yanılgıya yine düşmüş ve varolan şeyin ne olduğunu sorgulamamıştır; zira bu yanılgıya göre görünen şey vardır, varolan şeyin ne olduğu ise zaten ortadadır.
Ancak özellikle 20'nci yüzyıldan itibaren edebiyatın ne olduğu üzerine düşünülmeye başlandığını ve bu düşünceye dair önemli perspektifler oluşturulduğunu görüyoruz. Birçok disiplinin iç içe geçerek oluşturduğu perspektifler, cevapsız kalan sorulara karşı daimi ve yapıcı bir açlık uyandırırken; şekillenen bu yeni sürecin diğer önemli sorularından biri de edebiyat eleştirisinin “ne” olduğu idi. Edebiyata ve edebiyat eleştirisine yönelik bu sorular önemli, fakat cevaplaması zor: Çünkü edebiyatın “ne” olduğu belli değildir, eleştirinin ise özünde olumlu mu yoksa olumsuz mu olduğu muammadır. Ciddi bir tezat barındıran belirsizliği bir kenara bırakılırsa, eleştirinin bir eseri ileri taşıması beklenir; oysa ne olduğu ya da ne olması gerektiği belli olmayan edebiyatın daha ileriye taşınabileceğine neye göre karar verilebilir?
Tüm bu sorular, bilinçli yol göstericiler olmadan kültürel bir buhran hâlini alır. İletişim Yayınları’ndan çıkan Edebi Üretim Teorisi bu noktada şüphesiz ki son derece donanımlı ve sağlam bir yol gösterici olarak okurla buluşuyor. Althusserci ekolden gelen Pierre Macherey’nin çalışması, okuru edebiyata ve edebiyat üretimine yönelik hummalı bir düşünce sarmalına sokuyor. Bu sarmal içerisinde okur, metnin hakkını verebilirse, teorinin kazandırdıklarıyla daha yetkin bir okur hâline geliyor. Bu son derece önemli çalışmaya teorinin yoğun ve yorucu doğasının tabii olarak hâkim olduğunu söylemek gerek. Ancak çalışmanın iç düzeni teoriyi okurun zihnine yığmak yerine, teorinin iskeletini okuyanın zihninde aşama aşama şekillendiriyor.
Üç bölümden oluşturulan Edebi Üretim Teorisi, “Birkaç Temel Kavram” la başlıyor. Kısa ve yoğun alt başlıklarla örülen bu bölüm ucu açık soruların, genelgeçer kavramların derinliğini ve belirsizliğini ortaya koyar bir şekilde okuyucuyla buluşuyor. Kitabın en yorucu süreci olarak kabul edilebilecek bölüm, her cümlesiyle kafamızdaki edebiyat ve eleştiri tanımını âdeta, defalarca baştan yaratıyor.
Macherey’nin okurunu zorladığı bir gerçek. Ancak zekice planlanmış çalışmasında Macherey hem zorlu yolculuğun donanımlı yol göstericisi hem de anlattıklarının iyi bir temsili olarak karşımıza çıkıyor. Çalışması boyunca edebiyatın ve eleştirinin “masum olmadığını” anlatan, daima zıtlıklarla dolu bir grafik çizen yazar, “Birkaç Eleştiri” ve “Birkaç Eser” bölümlerini “masum olmayan” metinlerle örüyor. Daima anlattığının ötesinde ve kimi zaman anlattığından uzak olan ama hiçbir şekilde kontrolünü kaybetmeyen bu metinler, Macherey’nin dehasının ve eleştiri tekniğini pratiğe uygulama kabiliyetinin somut bir kanıtı olarak çalışmada yer alıyor. Esere hâkim olan yer yer komplike, ama bir o kadar da çözümleyici anlatımın Balzac, Borges, Jules Verne gibi önemli edebiyatçılar üzerinden ilerlemesi, kitabın zorlayıcı iç dinamiğini ilgi çekici ve doyurucu bir noktaya getiriyor.
Teori ile pratiğin kusursuz harmanlanışı, bu tarz çalışmalar için son derece zor elde edilen bir başarı; Edebi Üretim Teorisi ise bu başarıyı elde edebilen önemli çalışmalardan yalnızca biri. Üstün başarısıyla eser “soğuk” ve “anlaşılması zor” gibi görünse de, aslında okuyucusuna son derece samimi bir amaca yönlendirmeye çalışıyor, “gerçekten okumak”: “Gerçekten okumak, okumayı bilerek ve okumanın ne olduğunu bilerek okumak, bu çokluğun hiçbir şeyini kaçırmamaktır. Özellikle, eseri oluşturan unsurların sayımının ötesinde, bir bağdan ziyade bir uyum ya da birlik görmektir ki bunlar aynı ölçüde deformasyon ve idealleştirme demektir, eserin sürecinin nedenidir. Bariz eserin işaret ettiği gizil bir yapıyı algılamak değil, etrafında gerçek bir karmaşıklığın düğümlendiği bu yokluğu inşa etmek söz konusudur yine.” (s. 134)
Edebi Üretim Teorisi şüphesiz, edebiyata dair bir üst bilinç oluşturuyor. Macherey’nin entelektüel birikimi ve detaycı anlatımı okuyanda mükemmelliyetçiliği tetikliyor. Son derece titiz bir çalışma sonucu okurla buluşturulan eser, sosyal bilimciler ve özellikle edebiyat araştırmacıları için ciddi bir kılavuz.
a great leap forward in an understanding of literature away from reified notions of art and towards a more scientific consideration of literary production