Warning, if you have not read the book, do not read this review. This is a thorough review I wrote for my Russian history class during my undergraduate degree. I am not sure if I were to read it again, whether my thoughts or any part of this review would change. I don't remember how I faired with this review (I think I got a B+), in any case, I hope this helps.
Although only a novella comprised of ninety-two pages, Victor Pelevin’s The Yellow Arrow has seems to captivate post-Soviet Russian society just as well as any other book twice or thrice its size. Pelevin is noted of course for his post-modernist approach to Russian literature as such was the trend in post-Soviet Russia. In fact, Pelevin’s works are considered to be the most ‘postmodern’ of contemporary Russian prose (source).
Set during the Perestroika years, the story takes places on a moving train deemed “Yellow Arrow,” headed towards a ruined bridge with no beginning or end to the journey in sight. This is characteristic of Pelevin’s works. In fact, there seems to be a constant similar pattern in all of Pelevin’s novels as he depicts a false image of reality and allows for the reader to sink in to that reality or ‘game’ only to discover that there is never any end to the ‘game,’ never any return to ‘reality’ and no possibility of winning (source). The ruined bridge represents of course death, and the train represents life in post-Soviet Russia. Pelevin cleverly creates an entire ‘culture’ in association with life on a train, among others, funeral rites, and a whole culture of dialogue between passengers. Such culture is then socially constructed whereby all passengers of the train all continue their lives not actually knowing they’re passengers. Of course, “how can they [passengers] understanding something they know too well (Pelevin, 1996: 18).” The only difference in this novel compared to Pelevin’s other works, is that his protagonist, Andrei who is also caught on this never ending train will eventually, with the help of his mentor Khan and a few of his other companions, realize that there may possibly be a way to leave the ‘train’ and to survive. This realization occurs only when he begins to question the significance of the ‘yellow arrow’ believing then that the universe constitutes millions of yellow arrows,’ which he [Andrei] refers to them as, “light rays on a journey to the unknown or infinite void only to be extinguished in the revolting remains of yesterday’s soup (Ibid: 7).” These yellow arrows or light rays may be referring to people, who may be hoping for a better tomorrow, a better future than yesterday’s past but are deceived when they realize that nothing really changes and that their hopes were groundless, meaningless and in fact doomed for disappointment or as Pelevin notes, ‘suffering’ (Pelevin, 1996: 8).
Here, it is believed that with the collapse of the Soviet Uinon and with the introduction of reforms, many Russians were hoping that the system would change for the better. However, it seems as if this is not the case and that in a sense, there is a feeling of failed revolution or failed reforms. For instance, Pelevin reveals in the novel that corruption, poverty, economic relapse, prostitution and real freedom among other things remain transient in speech and passive in action. Some references to such themes are prevalent in discussions between the passengers of the train. An example of corruption, : “[…]You know the way it is, one greasy wop gets his foot in the door, and then he moves the whole family in […] (Pelevin, 1996: 23).” With regards to censorship and freedom of speech, : “[…] there was music playing in the restaurant […] the cassette always ended half-way through “Bridge Over Troubled Waters […] (Ibid, 26). Finally, an example of the state of Post-Soviet Russia is best exemplified in a dialogue between Andrei and Peter Sergievich, Andrei’s compartment companion: “We used to have thieves who stole things, [Sergievich is robbed of his possessions], but this is a different business altogether. They’re selling off the Motherland, that’s what […] It’s the young girls I feel sorry for, our pure girls, who have to sell themselves to all sorts of scum on the open carriages […] Those bare-faced bandits are not afraid of anything […] they got the authorities in their pocket (Ibid: 47).
To return now to the true essence of the novel, although at first the proganoist believes that there is no choice but to remain on the train, towards the end of his journey he comes to terms with reality and discovers that there may actually be a way off the train, therin lies the beauty of Pelevin’s novel. Andrei’s discussion with Khan is arguably one of the most if not the most significant of dialogues in the novel in seeking this reality:
Andrei: Nobody asks us whether we want to keep moving […] we can’t even remember how we got here […] we’re traveling along, and that’s all there is to it, there’s no choice!” Khan: “There is, but it’s the most difficult thing in life […] riding in a train without being a passenger.” With this, Andrei begins to piece together his observations of yellow arrows, his discussions with other passengers on the train notably of the meaning of true happiness, in which a passenger mentions that in order to find happiness, one needs to see the reflection of the supreme harmony in everything he does, in what he sees around him day by day […] Gnosticism in a sense (Ibid: 11). Here Gnosticism may be referring to ideological cages or restrictions which seem to be present on the ‘Yellow Arrow’ train, and therefore in to seek true happiness, one needs to break free from such superfluous contraptions and allow himself to become an ‘individual,’ or allow himself to step away from what is socially constructed as reality. This is precisely what Andrei was able to do it seems. Shortly before the bridge heads towards its destination which is the bridge, Andrei jumps off and begins a new journey. Pelevin however makes a clear point to the reader that all journeys are perhaps over before they begin, calling into question then the validity of Andrei’s new journey.
Pelevin’s message seems then to be evident; man is a passenger of time travelling 'towards a destroyed bridge', i.e. towards death, and the question of whether one can alight from this train is moot. With a new journey comes a new period in history and a new set of socially constructed theorem and ideology, that which is post-Post Modernism. Russia has not reached a state of post Post Modernism.
Critical Commentary:
I am not all that familiar with Russian literature and life in Post-Soviet Russia. Most of my research has been on ex- Soviet Central Asian countries. However, the reforms have proven ineffective especially with the erosion of democracy and a seemingly critical economic situation as the Russian economy suffered from economic depression in the 1990s and a financial crash in 1998, as a result of the unsuccessful reform policies for its stabilization and liberalization. It is argued that reform also diminished the quality and standard of living. Such factors produced an anti-reform movement and a constitutional crisis in 1993. Pelevin seems to have touched on most of these major trends in post-Soviet Russia, albeit with vagueness and discontinuation at times. I found that it was difficult to make a definite link to the situation of Russia at the time, for this novel may be interpreted as man’s general journey throughout life to seek the ultimate truth. Pelevin seems to then apply a universal message to his novel and to the circumstances of the post-Soviet era. I would recommend this novel to a student of Russian literature and history and who is pretty familiar with the subject matter more so than to a person who is taking an introductory course on Russian culture and history.