It's seldom that one will read of a more tumultuous life that that of Alienor d'Aquitaine, (Eleanor of Aquitaine in English) It spanned nearly all of the the 12th century (1122 until her death in her 83rd year in 1204)). She was a remarkable woman, not only in outliving eight of her ten children, including the famous Richard the Lion-Hearted, but because she was involved in nearly all the vicious power-struggles that went on to try to consolidate the areas of England, Normandy, parts of France near what is now Paris, and the vast and rich area of "Aquitaine" which stretched between the Loire River on the north and the foothills of the Pyrenees on the south. How these struggles turned out would begin to determine the boundaries of present France and England which at that time were not separate at all.
It's easy to forget that this battling for power occurred less than a century after William the Conqueror's defeat of the English forces at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. One thing that struck me on reading this biography written in French is how much traveling these leaders did. They were constantly on the move to make contact with the local barons and see that their tribute and taxes kept flowing into the royal coffers, no easy job as the locals hated paying taxes as much as we do today.
Eleanor was the daughter of Guillaume, ruler of most of Aquitaine, and when she was 15, her father and Louis the Fat, who controlled the north of France, decided that a good way to cement power between Aquitaine and France was to marry her to Louis the Fat's son , also named Louis. They were married in Paris in 1137, their combined ages adding up to 30. Eleanor was well-educated for the time, smart, and beautiful. Louis was retiring, not his father's first choice, as his older brother had been killed in a fall from a horse. She bore Louis two daughters, a deep disappointment as sons were wanted. They got on well for a number of years, even traveling together to the Holy Land is one of the Crusades.
But no sons? It was one of the main reasons that Louis obtained an annulment of their marriage on the grounds of "consanguinity", that they were distant relatives and should never have been married in the first place. She quickly remarried, as did Louis, this time to Henry II, a vigorous younger man who was on the move constantly as a way of intimidating the local chiefs who never knew where he was. Eleanor was busy having children, including four sons. Court life under her was refined, encouraging the efforts of the troubadours and the rise of the legends of King Arthur. As they grew older, she and Henry disagreed about who should inherit the kingdom (the subject of the 1968 movie, THE LION IN WINTER, with Katharine Hepburn and Richard O'Toole playing their parts). Eleanor's favorite was Richard, Henry wanted the erratic John (who would later acquire dubious fame as a forced signer of the Magna Carta, granting his subjects rights and liberties.
The two became so estranged that war broke out betweem the two, Henry controlling the Normandy and England, Eleanor the south. Henry had other problems as well, resulting in the killing of Thomas a Becket in a dispute between secular and clerical power. Eleanor was captured by Henry's men and spent nine years in prison. When she was released, there was a“family reunion” of sorts which not successfully tried to mend their differences.
The family feuding continued into the next generation, with John grabbing power in the absence of his brother, Richard, who was in the Holy Lands on a crusade, one that Eleanor even took part in, even though she was a women in her 70’s. On the way home, Richard was captured and held hostage by a German prince, and it was mostly through Eleanor’s efforts that he was released. She worked hard in Richard’s campaign to overthrow John, and just after he succeeded, he was killed by a random arrow from a castle he was besieging. Eleanor was devastated, but she finally accepted the inevitability of John’s reign, and did all she could to pacify the various princes, granting liberties and rights. She brought a period of stability but when she died at the Abbey of Fontevrault in the Loire Valley (a spot we visited in the summer of 2010, and saw her death mask), John began to undo all that she had accomplished.
It’s ironic, I suppose, that in the long haul of history, she didn’t accomplish very much politically. Both of her crusade ventures were futile, she came to hostility with both of her husbands as well as one of her sons, and the empire she tried to establish soon crumbled after her death. A chronicler of the time said of her, “This life is but a journey and a warfare.” But what a journey!