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312 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 1521
The Prince is a collection of Machiavelli's thoughts and observations on how to be a successful leader. He makes statements about how a leader should act and then backs them up with examples of how leaders have succeeded and failed throughout history and what caused their defeat or victory. He uses examples from various empires, but mainly focuses on examples from Italy, both in his time and during the Roman Empire. The Prince includes a lot of interesting historical information as well as profound observations about politics and human nature.
The Prince was very interesting to read because I learned a lot about Italian history and because Machiavelli made interesting observations about how people behave and how leaders can be successful. Many of his observations seem to hold true because various political examples from after his time hold to the patterns he described. However, I question how universally applicable his assumptions are because they are all founded on the idea that humans are essentially evil, and I personally do not believe this is true, since I know many people who spend much of their time helping others with no benefit to themselves except the knowledge that they've improved the life of another. I disagree with some of Machiavelli's points, for example his idea that war is inevitable and should therefore not be avoided. I am a pacifist because I believe that injuries to people should be avoided, so it is better for a country to protect its citizens by not putting them in the way of gunfire than to fight for their beliefs while risking the lives of citizens. In addition, Machiavelli is evidently sexist, and his ignorance of the ability for women to hold power means that he has ignored that women sometimes have different tendencies than men. For example, Machiavelli concludes that bonds of love are unreliable because they will always be broken at the first point where an action benefits one of the people and not the other, but the actions of many mothers in respect to their children is an obvious contradiction to this rule. Machiavelli's sexism is also evident as he only references women as objects for men's pleasure and compares fortune to a woman in that "if you wish to master her, you must strike and beat her." Of course, Machiavelli's ideas about gender were common in his time, but it does affect the universality of his statements considering that he ignored the actions and motivations of half of the human race.
Overall, The Prince was an extremely interesting book and it brought up a lot of questions about politics and human nature that were fascinating to ponder. I appreciate the historical examples Machiavelli used to back up each of his claims, and admire the depth of his observations about people. However, I think that some of his basic assumptions about people that he thought too obvious to explain are questionable, so I question the truth of his statements and the sagacity of a modern leader to actually follow his advice.
The Art of War describes how to form, train, and fight with an army in Machiavelli's time. The main idea is that the Romans were great warriors so a good army should be modelled after them with very minor changes to account for modern weapons such as guns. Machiavelli covers pretty much every detail a military commander would need, discussing how to recruit an army, train it, engage in battle, set up camp, organize marches, and defend a city, as well as how to account for any accidents that might occur in any of these situations. It is extremely detailed, giving the exact numbers of soldiers necessary for a battle, the exact positions they should take, and the exact dimensions for how much space the soldiers will take up when marching and in camp. These details made it very easy to visualize the army in my head, since it was so well-described.
The Art of War was well-written and very useful for a military leader in Machiavelli's time who wanted to improve their army, however since it describes an army that uses pikes, swords, and shields, it's not particularly useful to military strategists today. In the present day, I can really only think of two cases in which it's useful; the first would be for anyone interested in Italian or military history, and the second is writers thinking of how to describe an army in a fantasy or historical fiction book. Luckily, I'm interested in Italian history and I want to be a fantasy author, so I didn't find the book too boring, but even so there were parts when I thought that the information was pretty useless in the 21st century.
I enjoyed The Art of War because it was well-written and a good source on Italian military history in both Roman and Renaissance times. However, I wouldn't recommend it for anyone else unless you're fascinated by those subjects, because unless military history interests you it's useless to read 200 pages about the exact way to form an army in the 1500's.