“Unfortunately, when people use outdated methods to train dogs, perhaps because they don’t realize science recommends reward-based methods, they are using methods that rely on fear and pain. It’s just a tap, a correction, or information, they say. But prong collars, choke collars, leash corrections, electronic collars, and alpha rolls (rolling the dog on their back and holding them there until they stop moving) work because they are painful or fearful for the dog. These are aversive methods.”