“Until about 170, the churches were predominantly pacifist for several reasons: there was no universal conscription, so Christians were not obliged to participate; Jesus’ teaching seemed to preclude participation in war; loving and killing their enemies appeared incompatible; military oaths of allegiance were pagan, conflicting with Christians’ primary allegiance to Christ; few soldiers were converted, so the question of whether they could continue in the army arose infrequently; and the church’s self-identity was a peaceful fellowship of those who followed the Prince of Peace. As a powerless and marginal community whose views were not sought on political or military matters, they could not assess the justice of proposed campaigns. Their writings indicate they understood themselves as those who no longer used violence but were learning the disciplines of peacemaking.”