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“No government could last more than a month without having to knock on the door of the banks in order to pay its current expenses. If the banks were to refuse, the government would go bankrupt.”
Ernest Mandel, The Marxist Theory of the State
“As long as the productivity of labor remains at a level where one man can only produce enough for his own subsistence, social division does not take place and any social differentiation within society is impossible. Under these conditions, all men are producers and they are all on the same economic level.

Every increase in the productivity of labor beyond this low point makes a small surplus possible, and once there is a surplus of products, once man’s two hands can produce more than is needed for his own subsistence, then the conditions have been set for a struggle over how this surplus will be shared.”
Ernest Mandel, Marxist Economic Theory: Vol II,
“The concrete is always a combination of in- numerable theoretical 'abstractions'.”
Ernest Mandel, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy Volume 1
“Capitalism subordinates men to machines instead of using machines to liberate men from the burden of mechanical and repetitive work.”
Ernest Mandel, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy Volume 1
“É claro que tudo o que sabemos, incluindo o que respeita à dialéctica da natureza, sabêmo-lo por intermédio do nosso cérebro, das nossas ideias e da nossa praxis social, determinados pelas nossas condições sociais. Mas este facto evidente em nada impede que possamos saber – e verificar, e ver confirmado por provas práticas múltiplas – que a vida é mais velha do que o pensamento humano; que a terra é mais velha do que a vida; que o universo é mais velho do que a terra; que todo o movimento é um movimento independente da acção e da existência do homem ou do seu espírito; que o próprio pensamento humano é o produto desse movimento; o pensamento é a matéria que toma conhecimento dela própria. É este o sentido que tem a noção: “dialéctica materialista”.”
Ernest Mandel, Introdução ao Marxismo

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Late Capitalism Late Capitalism
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