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“It is noticeable that the Phoenician terms are often shared with Ugaritic.”
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“Thus, 'Proto-Semitic' is more a postulate or linguistic convention than an actual ancient language spoken by a recognizable group.”
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“H. Bauer ... was already arguing that some elements of Hebrew, such as the consecutive tenses, had a close relationship with Akkadian.”
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“The Proto-Canaanite ... seems to have employed 27 different characters. The Ugaritic alphabet from around the 14th century BCE uses 30 characters ... Phoenician had by the 12th century BCE already dropped five characters ... 22 consonantal phonemes.”
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“The Pharisees deliberately avoided the Late form of Biblical Hebrew (LBH), which is the language of the Bible written after the exile, presenting their teaching in the language of the spoken vernacular.”
― A History of the Hebrew Language
― A History of the Hebrew Language
“According to some scholars, after 1400 BCE ... Ya'udic and Aramaic separated from ... Canaanite group.”
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“The name Hamito-Semitic, derived from the Bible, is deliberately vague.”
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“The Tiberian system became more and more dominant until it completely ousted its Palestino-Tiberian counterpart around the middle of the fourteenth century.”
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“The coastlands of East Africa were colonized from South Arabia, leading to the development of Ethiopic dialects like Ge'ez (third to twelfth centuries CE), from which, in the north, Tigrina and Tigre are descended.”
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“Hebrew ... linguistic development was far from uniform. Even though they share a number of common tendencies, a variety of Hebrew traditions is seen to have co-existed during this period.”
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“The earliest Hebrew texts that have reached us date from the end of the second millennium BCE.”
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“Phoenician writing is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite system, and from these developed the Palaeo-Hebrew script (c. 800 BCE) and the Aramaic script (c. 700 BCE), which was adopted by Hebrew after Babylonian exile.”
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“Various attempts have been made, with differing degrees of success, to reconstruct pre-exilic Hebrew, including its morphology.”
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“Archaic Hebrew ... earliest inscriptions dating as far back as the close of the second millennium BCE.”
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“Phonologically, the langauge of Qumran represents a period of transition and fluctuation, during which, as is true of other texts from this time, Aramaic and Greek were able to exert a marked influence. Weakening, merger, and loss of the laryngeals and pharyngeals is typical ... in the Isaiah scroll there are many instances of merger and interchange of gutturals ... the confusion of the gutturals may not always simply be a matter of phonology - occasionally it also has a lexical dimension ... or it can involve morphological change.”
― A History of the Hebrew Language
― A History of the Hebrew Language
“The geographical and historical facts of Hebrew place it within the Northwest Semitic group of languages.”
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“The variation of place and time is also a problem, as we cannot simply accept that Biblical Hebrew, which had already ceased to be a living language, underwent a unified development in places as diverse as Alexandria and Palestine. Neither do we know if the data afforded by the transcriptions corresponds to the standard ... pronunciation of Hebrew in this period or to dialect or substandard forms. On top of all these difficulties is the fact that the transcriptions have to be studied in manuscripts that are frequently late and defective, presenting many variants and corruptions in names that the copyists found completely alien.”
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“Palestino-Tiberian tradition ... Ashkenazi opted for it, although they also introduced significant modifications.”
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“... before the tenth century Hebrew writing, like Phoenician, was purely consonantal, and it was halfway though the ninth century BCE, under the influence of Aramaic.”
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“The Israelite tribes that settled in Canaan from the fourteenth to thirteenth centuries BCE, regardless of what their language might have been before they established themselves there, used Hebrew as a spoken and literary language until the fall of Jerusalem in 587 BCE.”
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“There is general agreement that the differences between the Palestinian and Tiberian traditions are so great that they may even reflect separate dialects.”
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“... Ugarit ... in contrast to later Canaanite languages, there is no article.”
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“Palmyrene and Nabataean dialects, which use an Aramaic script ... in the opinion of some experts might really be dialects of Arabic.”
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“Sumerian substratum is obvious not only in the use of a cuneiform system of writing, but also in the weakness of Laryngeal and Pharyngeal consonants in Akkadian”
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“Expressions used almost exclusively in poetry ... tend to be concentrated in the oldest biblical texts. Generally, it may be said that these items existed during the archaic period of the language, later disappearing from normal use.”
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“... before the first millennium BCE one cannot speak of a contrast between Canaanite and Aramaic, but rather a group of languages with various features in common.”
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“The most influential figure involved in clarifying the Babylonian pointing system was without doubt Paul Kahle, who in 1902 wrote a study of a manuscript he had found in Berlin and which he correctly classified as Yemenite-Babylonian.”
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“Amorite ... it is the oldest Northwest Semitic language yet discovered.”
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“Relations with the Jews of Spain and Provence led to the Arabizing style of earlier Spanish writers making its mark on the type of prose used, for example, in Poland during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.”
― A History of the Hebrew Language
― A History of the Hebrew Language
“Although vowels are indicated in the cuneiform syllabaries, they are lacking from the alphabetic scripts of the Northwest and South.”
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