Helen Graham > Quotes

“They would become the migrant labourers who made the “economic miracles” in Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland,”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“those with the habit of line-crossing as a mode of being would never and could never fit the requirements of any state narrative.”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“Terror could only happen because the military allowed it.”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“In spite of Franco’s close political identification with the Nazi new order in Europe, he did not align Spain militarily with the German–Italian Axis and thus never directly threatened Allied imperial interests.”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“Baltasar Garzón,”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“an increasing number of court cases in which relatives of deceased perpetrators brought ideologically charged cases for defamation against historians and journalists who had examined instances of Francoist crime,”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“What is demonstrably the case is that Franco did Hitler the colossal service of altering the European balance of power in favour of the German-Italian Axis, while Spanish Republican resistance, achieved for nearly three years in the teeth of British policy, actively delayed other forms of Nazi aggression in Europe and, in so doing, made Britain itself a priceless gift of time to re-arm.”
― Helen Graham, The Spanish Civil War: A Very Short Introduction

“diaspora”, that is to say the process of internal exile and migration within Europe”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“public declarations were made by local civilian elites in the rebel zone – whether bosses of the fascist Falange or people associated with the mass Catholic party, CEDA, or monarchist landowners or businessmen or clerics. These were made independently of each other and of the military authorities. But they were remarkably similar. Their message was that Spain needed to be purged or purified.”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“Soviet Russia was grudgingly admired by the Franco regime.”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“similarities between Francoism and Stalinism.)”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“Abraham Lincoln Brigade itself, in which around ninety African Americans fought, was the first non-segregated American military unit ever to exist”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“Forced labourers undertook the construction and also the reconstruction of war-damaged roads, railways, dams, towns and other public infrastructure, as well as the building of Franco’s own mausoleum”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“baby draft” (quinta del biberón), the seventeen-year-olds whose conscription in spring 1938 provoked the public protests of mothers, as the Republic cut into bone to defend itself,”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“emergent populist conservatism.”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“League of Nations’ “minority protection” which intimated that normality and assuring a “conflict-free condition” required ethnic homogeneity.”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“35,000 International Brigaders who fought in Spain (12,000 to 16,000 at any one time)”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“imperial defeat turned the military into a powerful internal political lobby determined to find a new role while guarding against any loss of income or prestige in the interim.”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“indeed the idea of a “judeo-masonic-bolshevik” conspiracy against “eternal Christian Spain” was one of the Franco regime’s founding myths.22”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“The Spanish Civil War was the first fought in Europe in which civilians became targets en masse, through bombing raids on big cities.”
― Helen Graham, The Spanish Civil War: A Very Short Introduction

“those who had defended the Republic were court-martialled and executed en masse for “military rebellion”, a punishment that would continue after 1939.”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“its own survival into the future depended on its ability to harness economic change in order, in the immediate term, to resolve the crisis of near state bankruptcy caused by its own economic policies (autarky),”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“the regime’s utter cultural and intellectual mediocrity, and especially its obsession with ensuring a rigid outward conformity to its neo-traditionalist values in public life.”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“State and society were to be brutally remade – “homogenized” by the violent exclusion of the defeated. Pursuit of this goal would see the regime murder and incarcerate its own nationals on a scale that outdid anything that the Nazi state undertook within its pre-1938 borders.”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“like Stalin, Franco pursued an intransigent political idea of “purifying” state and domestic order with extreme levels of brutality and coercion.”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“African mercenaries (the regulares)”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“The Republic continued to behave as a democracy, albeit one at war and in the most difficult of conditions.”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“The Franco regime’s imperative of “cleansing” repression borrowed heavily from an apocalyptic, manichean brand of Catholicism (harking back to the Counter-Reformation) with its dialectic of fire and sword, where the suffering of the “heretic”, his or her “penitence” was a necessary part of the process.”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“the European concentration camp universe was already in existence.”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century

“the story of how “Francoism” was built – bottom up as a repressive, carceral society – as well as top down as a political regime.”
― Helen Graham, The War and Its Shadow: Spain's Civil War in Europe's Long Twentieth Century