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Ann M. Kring
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“Clinical descriptions and Epidemiology
l There are two broad types of mood disorders: depressive disorders
and bipolar disorders.
l Depressive disorders include major depression and persistent depressive disorder, along with the newer diagnoses of premenstrual dysphoric
disorder and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. Bipolar disorders
include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymia.
l Bipolar I disorder is defined by mania. Bipolar II disorder is defined by
hypomania and episodes of depression. Major depressive disorder, bipolar
I disorder, and bipolar II disorder are episodic. Recurrence is very common
in these disorders.
l Persistent depressive disorder and cyclothymia are characterized by
low levels of symptoms that last for at least 2 years.
l
Major depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders,
affecting 16.2 percent of people during their lifetime. Rates of depression
are twice as high in women as in men. Bipolar I disorder is much rarer,
affecting 1 percent or less of the population.”
― Abnormal Psychology
l There are two broad types of mood disorders: depressive disorders
and bipolar disorders.
l Depressive disorders include major depression and persistent depressive disorder, along with the newer diagnoses of premenstrual dysphoric
disorder and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. Bipolar disorders
include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymia.
l Bipolar I disorder is defined by mania. Bipolar II disorder is defined by
hypomania and episodes of depression. Major depressive disorder, bipolar
I disorder, and bipolar II disorder are episodic. Recurrence is very common
in these disorders.
l Persistent depressive disorder and cyclothymia are characterized by
low levels of symptoms that last for at least 2 years.
l
Major depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders,
affecting 16.2 percent of people during their lifetime. Rates of depression
are twice as high in women as in men. Bipolar I disorder is much rarer,
affecting 1 percent or less of the population.”
― Abnormal Psychology
“Etiology
l Genetic studies provide evidence that bipolar disorder is strongly heritable and that depression is somewhat heritable.
l Neurobiological research has focused on the sensitivity of receptors
rather than on the amount of various transmitters, with the strongest evidence for diminished sensitivity of the serotonin receptors in depression and
mania. There is some evidence that mania is related to heightened sensitivity of the dopamine receptors and that depression is related to diminished
sensitivity of dopamine receptors.
l Bipolar and unipolar disorders seem tied to elevated activity of the
amygdala and the subgenual anterior cingulate and to diminished activity
in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during tasks that
involve emotion and emotion regulation. During mania, greater levels of
activation of the striatum have been observed. Mania also may involve
elevations in protein kinase C.
l Overactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA), as
indexed by poor suppression of cortisol by dexamethasone, is related to
severe forms of depression and to bipolar disorder.
l Socioenvironmental models focus on the role of negative life events,
lack of social support, and family criticism as triggers for episodes but
also consider ways in which a person with depression may elicit negative
responses from others. People with less social skill and those who tend
to seek excessive reassurance are at elevated risk for the development of
depression.
l The personality trait that appears most related to depression is neuroticism. Neuroticism predicts the onset of depression.
l Influential cognitive theories include Beck’s cognitive theory, hopelessness theory, and rumination theory. All argue that depression can be caused
by cognitive factors, but the nature of the cognitive factors differs across”
― Abnormal Psychology
l Genetic studies provide evidence that bipolar disorder is strongly heritable and that depression is somewhat heritable.
l Neurobiological research has focused on the sensitivity of receptors
rather than on the amount of various transmitters, with the strongest evidence for diminished sensitivity of the serotonin receptors in depression and
mania. There is some evidence that mania is related to heightened sensitivity of the dopamine receptors and that depression is related to diminished
sensitivity of dopamine receptors.
l Bipolar and unipolar disorders seem tied to elevated activity of the
amygdala and the subgenual anterior cingulate and to diminished activity
in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during tasks that
involve emotion and emotion regulation. During mania, greater levels of
activation of the striatum have been observed. Mania also may involve
elevations in protein kinase C.
l Overactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA), as
indexed by poor suppression of cortisol by dexamethasone, is related to
severe forms of depression and to bipolar disorder.
l Socioenvironmental models focus on the role of negative life events,
lack of social support, and family criticism as triggers for episodes but
also consider ways in which a person with depression may elicit negative
responses from others. People with less social skill and those who tend
to seek excessive reassurance are at elevated risk for the development of
depression.
l The personality trait that appears most related to depression is neuroticism. Neuroticism predicts the onset of depression.
l Influential cognitive theories include Beck’s cognitive theory, hopelessness theory, and rumination theory. All argue that depression can be caused
by cognitive factors, but the nature of the cognitive factors differs across”
― Abnormal Psychology
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