Douglas A. Irwin
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Clashing over Commerce: A History of US Trade Policy (Markets and Governments in Economic History)
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published
2017
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6 editions
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Free Trade Under Fire
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published
2002
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21 editions
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Against the Tide: An Intellectual History of Free Trade
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published
1996
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10 editions
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Peddling Protectionism: Smoot-Hawley and the Great Depression
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published
2011
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9 editions
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Trade Policy Disaster: Lessons from the 1930s
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published
2011
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10 editions
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The Genesis of the GATT
by
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published
2008
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8 editions
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Founding Choices: American Economic Policy in the 1790s (National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report)
by
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published
2011
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8 editions
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Floating Exchange Rates at Fifty (Peterson Institute for International Economics)
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Three Simple Principals of Trade Policy
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published
2002
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Managed Trade: The Case Against Import Targets
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published
1994
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2 editions
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“These three Rs—revenue, restriction, and reciprocity—have been the main purposes of US trade policy. While all three have been important throughout history, US trade policy can be divided into three eras in which one of them has taken priority. In the first era, from the establishment of the federal government until the Civil War, revenue was the key objective of trade policy. In the second era, from the Civil War until the Great Depression, the restriction of imports to protect domestic producers was the primary goal of trade policy. In the third era, from the Great Depression to the present, reciprocal trade agreements to reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade have been the main priority.”
― Clashing Over Commerce: A History of US Trade Policy
― Clashing Over Commerce: A History of US Trade Policy
“the world’s slide to protectionism in the 1930s. Undoubtedly, because of the Depression, many countries would have erected trade barriers even if the Smoot-Hawley tariff had never been implemented. But although Smoot-Hawley was not entirely responsible for the massive outbreak of protectionism in the early 1930s, it certainly contributed to the climate in which such policies flourished. Smoot-Hawley clearly inspired retaliatory moves against the United States, particularly—but not exclusively—by Canada. This retaliation had a significant effect in reducing U.S. exports. Even worse, Smoot-Hawley generated ill-will around the world and led to widespread discrimination against”
― Peddling Protectionism: Smoot-Hawley and the Great Depression
― Peddling Protectionism: Smoot-Hawley and the Great Depression
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