Joseph E. Armstrong

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Joseph E. Armstrong



Average rating: 4.31 · 83 ratings · 15 reviews · 3 distinct worksSimilar authors
How the Earth Turned Green:...

4.31 avg rating — 83 ratings — published 2014 — 7 editions
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Science in Biology: An Intr...

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“As will be demonstrated in subsequent chapters, for the vast majority of Earth history, photosynthetic organisms were limited to aquatic environments, and a green pigment works very well in aquatic environments because blue and red wavelengths penetrate water better than green. Land plants are green because their aquatic ancestors were green, and why else would land plants have an aquatic-adapted photosynthetic pigment?”
Joseph E. Armstrong, How the Earth Turned Green: A Brief 3.8-Billion-Year History of Plants

“The universe is estimated to be 13.75 billion years old (± 0.11 by), about three times older than Earth. According to the most popular current theory, everything began when a quantum fluctuation in a void produced an unimaginably hot, unstable bubble of energy that expanded explosively in a Big Bang that ultimately produced all matter and energy.”
Joseph E. Armstrong, How the Earth Turned Green: A Brief 3.8-Billion-Year History of Plants

“And it now seems certain that the ecology of Earth operated on a unicellular basis for at least two-thirds of life’s history on Earth. All of this suggests that if Earth is typical, then even if life on other planets is common, it will mostly be microscopic.”
Joseph E. Armstrong, How the Earth Turned Green: A Brief 3.8-Billion-Year History of Plants



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