“Mapping—physically map out processes, data, and people involved. This helps you really see problems and identify bottlenecks and inefficiencies and work them out. Five Whys—when determining “why” a process step is done or if it is important, ask “why” five times to get to the root cause of a problem. Don’t accept “because we’ve always done it that way” answers. Think about HOW one can improve versus WHY it cannot be done. Take immediate action—don’t wait for perfection. Aim for 50 percent improvement and then do it again and again. Just do it. We want to further expand on the last point above.”