“When we begin instruction by sharing with students a version of the learning target that is easy for them to understand, it focuses them on their learning destination. There is no need for them to try to guess what success looks like—we used to call that "psyching out the professor" in college as we tried to figure out what to emphasize in our studies. This clarity of destination eliminates ambiguity about the meaning of success. The emotional result is a sense of security, of confidence—there will be no surprises”