“Today, of course, the idea that new media technologies might be deployed by an enlightened class of literati to calm and refine public opinion seems quaint. In an age of social media, the opposite dynamic occurs, as journalists, scholars, and public officials pander to the most extreme and passionate voices on social media rather than slowly diffuse reason across the land. Madison believed the print media should promote cool deliberation; the social media model is “enrage to engage.” At the same time, new media are undermining the speed bumps of time and space that Madison thought would make it difficult for mobs to mobilize and act impulsively. The passions, hyper-partisanship, and split-second decision-making that Madison and Hamilton feared from large, concentrated groups meeting face-to-face have proved to be even more dangerous from exponentially larger, dispersed groups that meet online.”