“The act of “moving upstream” and taking action before a problem arises in order to avoid it entirely, rather than treating or alleviating its consequences, is called primary prevention. The term primary prevention was coined in the late 1940s by Hugh Leavell and E. Guerney Clark from the Harvard and Columbia University Schools of Public Health, respectively. Leavell and Clark described primary prevention as “measures applicable to a particular disease or group of diseases in order to intercept the causes of disease before they involve man . . . [in the form of] specific immunizations, attention to personal hygiene, use of environmental sanitation, protection against occupational hazards, protection from accidents, use of specific nutrients, protection from carcinogens, and avoidance of allergens” (Goldston, 1987, p. 3).”