“Indeed, a symptom of post-Holocaust trauma is that normative assumptions about the human species are questioned more than ever. Can human nature still be trusted? The breach of civilized values was too great—and in a nation that had produced so many significant philosophers, scientists, scholars, and artists. The intellectual shock—a secondary trauma, as it were—is not only that it happened but also that it happened with only scattered pockets of resistance and even a degree of cooperation among the cultured classes.”